Lord of Miracles of Buga

Our Lord of Miracles of Guadalajara de Buga
Nuestro Señor de Los Milagros de Buga
Lord of Miracles
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Major shrine Basilica of Our Lord of Miracles, Buga City, Colombia
Feast 14 September
Attributes Crucified Christ in agony, gilded crown of thorns, silver and platinum cross, embroidered clothes
Patronage Miracles, Colombian Armed Forces, desperate situations, impossible causes

Our Lord of the Miracles of Guadalajara of Buga (Spanish: Nuestro Señor de Los Milagros de Buga), also known as the Lord of the Miracles (Spanish: Senor de Los Milagros), is a title associated with a celebrated appeared tridimensional figure of Crucified Jesus Christ, believed that is not made by human hands but of divine origin, and that is housed since the XVI century at the Basilica of Our Lord of the Miracles in Guadalajara de Buga City.

This minor Basilica is the most famous Catholic non Marian sanctuary in the Americas, although the redemptorist monastic community that administrates it has promoted in the same temple along years the veneration a reproduction of the Cretan icon of our Lady of the Perpetual help, another so famous image that it is believed to be possibly painted when the Holy Virgin St Mary was still alive in Turkey. This painting therefore is one of the strongest candidates to be the lost Byzantine Hodegetria. The Redemptorist Order has custody of the original icon in the church of Saint Alphonsus di Liguouri, Esquiline Hill, Rome.

The original Hodetria was displayed in the Monastery of the Panaghia Hodegetria in Constantinople, which was built specially to contain it. It was said to have been brought back from the Holy Land by Eudocia, the Empress of Theodosius II (408–450), and to have been painted by Saint Luke.

[8]

Preliminary Marian apparition in the Pacific Andes (Our Lady of the Mountain)

The Cauca's Valley region, where the city of Guadalajara de Buga is located, has another well known Acheiropoita that is a figure, officially recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, it is linked to the advocation of Our Lady of the Remedies (Nuestra Senora de los Remedios in Spanish).

This natural statue of Saint Mary that was venerated by the aborigines before to be discovered by the Spaniards, who called her simply as The Queen of the Mountain or Our Lady of Queremal, appeared miraculously next to a waterfall, today called the mantle of the Virgin, in the middle of the peaks of the western Andes.[6]

Miraculous Apparition of the Lord of the Waters

In the same decade to the apparition of the Queen of the Mountain, by 1573 official Catholic accounts state that on September it decided the construction of a Hermitage next to the place of Buga, where it was celebrated by the people a cult to the Lord of Waters, a crucified Christ that supposedly was miraculously appeared on the shores of the Guadalajara River (also called Piedras River).[5]

The apparition then took place apparently in the 1550s, [1]therefore in the very foundation years of the Spanish settlement, to an old native Andean woman, possibly a survival Buga aborigine, in the western Colombian Cauca's valley, whose job was to wash laundry of different families in that stream. It is said that the old lady dreamed to be able to save money good enough to buy a fine colonial crucifix imported from Quito to use to praise God in her simple wooden hut. The woman, whose actual identity is still unknown, was one of the aborigines that received Christian religious instruction by members of the FuenMayor family, that acted as their encomenders, and who are credited to be the actual founders of the definitive Spanish settlement of Guadalajara de Buga.

Image of the Christ of Miracles at the Main altar at the Basilica

She actually traveled by walking, crossing the river, to the center city of Guadalajara de Buga, a city located at that time in the other shore, to visit some shop and asked there for an image of the quality she was looking for. Its cost was around 70 reales (the Spanish currency of that time) and needed to be imported as far as from Equator or Peru, if not from Spain, since it was not manufactured in Colombia.

From her savings of many months of hard work this lady was able to complete the price of the crucifix. However, when she was ready to go back to the shop to order her Christ, suddenly in her way to the city she found guards escorting a neighbor that she seldom met who was going to be jailed for accumulated debt of exactly seventy (70) reales owned to a well known loan shark of the region. The good woman decided to get rid all the money she had saved for her crucifix to keep the man, another Buga aborigine, out of jail and then she returned to her humble work in the river after perform such a noble act of charity.

Some days after, while she was washing laundry, she saw a brilliant small object that was being carried by the stream of water in the middle of the river. She caught it to discover that it was tiny crucifix. She was so happy with her finding that as soon as she arrived to home she made an altar using a common wooden box for the small Christ. [7]

One Night she heard some strange noises coming from the altar box of the Christ. The crackling of the wood was obvious and she became astonished to confirm that the box was broken by the crucifix that was growing up inside. The news of the miracle spread along all the Cauca River valley and many people started to gather at the place, where a hermitage was built, turning the humble house into a sanctuary.

A wealthy family in the region decided to donate lands to build a great church, the first Hermitage, in the place of its finding to venerate the holy crucifix that was grown from a pocket size to human body proportions and that was already called the lord of Miracles. A great obstacle to facilitate the peregrination to the sanctuary was the fact that there was no bridge to cross this relatively big stream, but accounts of the epoch said that after some collective acts of prayer during the raining season a natural phenomenon took place to fix such issue. During strong rains the River suddenly changed its original path and moved in a way that its new bed became many meters distant from the old one, leaving the Hermitage located in the same side of the city.

History

Guadalajara de Buga, which is the city´s formal name, is one of the oldest cities in Colombia; founded in 1555 under the order of the Spanish conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar and known as "Buga la Real" ("the Royal Buga") or "La Ciudad Señora" (“the Lady City”). It was home to many wealthy families coming from Spain and settling in the New World.

King Philip II of Spain gave Guadalajara de Buga its city status officially at the end of the 16th century and granted its coat of arms for the many services rendered to the crown. For the first fifty years of the veneration of the Lord of Miracles sanctuary, the image was kept in a small hermitage aside the river in the place it was originally found by the wagtail. It suffered a gradual darkening that was attributed to the smog of candles used to enlighten the place. Also the cross was deteriorated since people started to take out pieces of it to carry as relics.[2]

By 1605 a special inspector of the Roman Catholic church sent by the Bishop of Popayan, who was worried of the legends of the miraculously appeared Christ, fearing an accusation of schism to the Holy inquisition and using the excuse that he found the quality of the image so degraded by the touching of the devotes decided to burn it. The image was put outside the hermitage inside strong fire specially prepared to destroy it, but the Christ didn't burn. Instead it started to transpire a lot of oily sweat that the devotes wept with small pieces of cotton.

The pieces of cotton touched to the image while it was in the fire reportedly produced a lot of miraculous cures when were used to touch ill people of the region giving even more fame to the sanctuary. As a consequence of the attempt of burn the image, the skin Christ turned from light olive color to a darker one that is the current it has. In September–October 1757 the Bishop of Popayán, Diego del Corro, visited Guadalajara de Buga, to witness personally the existence of the image and decides to collect all documents about it to prepare a case to be sent to Lima, Peru, the official site of the Inquisition tribunal.

From the 1700s thru the 1900s, three different hermitages were built at the site. Since this is the most seismically active region of western Colombia, they became damaged by earthquakes. [4]By 1875, as the temple was so much damaged the Bishop of Popayan brought the redemptorist friars to inhabit and take care of it. Few time after that a lot donations from the devotes were collected to start the construction of the Basilica. Four million brickets were manufactured in the city and twelve thousand arrobas of calcium used to paste them to build the walls. The work was carried out by volunteers of all the region under the supervision of the priests. The formal inauguration of the temple was on 2 August 1907 with a solemn blessing ceremony in the presence of the Apostolic Nuncio, representing the Holy see, Monseñor Ragonesi and the new Archbishop of Popayán, Monseñor Antonio Arboleda, among thousands of devotes from all over the country.

On 29 April 1937, a man tried to destroy the image with a machete against the material of which the Christ was made. The image was not destroyed but the attack opened a gap in the right side of the torso, showing that it was not carved in wood as many believed but in some kind of mud.

On Sunday, 4 March 1956, the priest celebrating Mass suffered an assassination attempt, but the dagger used by the attacker became fractured in the air in three pieces in presence of many witnesses, a fact that received a lot of coverage of the press. The three pieces of the arm are still permanently exhibited in the museum of the Basilica.

On 3 February 1969, another person attacked the image causing some damage to it, so an artisan was called to repair it and it was he who confirmed that the Christ is not carved but made of mud and grass like the one on the shores of the Guadalajara river. At present the Christ, which is an extremely famous relic not only in the region or in Colombia but in all the Andes producing dozens of miracles every year, is well protected behind bulletproof glass.

Unknown identity of the finder and First printed accounts

A witness mentioned in ecclesiastic documents of that time of the miracle of the fire in 1605, when the Bishop of Popayan ordered the destruction of the image, was a lady called Luisa Sanchez, who could be the same washing woman that originally found it or also probably her survival relative.

Other Historians said that this testimony given to one Inquisition Visitador (inspector), in 1665, corresponds to Doña Luisa de la Espada, a daughter of one of the Buga Patriarchs that gave money to build the first Hermitage. Her words in written document in the archives say that she swore to have seen the image in the fire not burning but transpiring oily liquid. [3]

During the XVI and XVII the image was known among the common people of the Cauca's Valley as The Lord of the waters, but the increasing fame of the miracles obtained from its devotion changed to Lord of Miracles.

Basilica del Senor de los Milagros de Guadalajara de Buga

Among the first printed official accounts is the full story of the Miracle of the Guadalajara river written by Franciscan order Friar Francisco G. Rodríguez in 1819, the same year Colombia became independent of Spain. There are records showing that General Simon Bolivar visited Buga among the places he traveled across in his independence campaign for the south west of the country after the battle of Boyacá in his route to Equator. This unique Christ modeled on materials of the western Colombian Andes receives its name after the region of Buga, in colonial times populated by the aborigines called Bugas, who were violently suppressed by the Spaniards that arrived to region in the early 16th century.

In 1783 the rector of the Popayan seminar, that was also the director of the sanctuary of Buga, sent to Rome a report with the approval of the Bishop, already containing an extense list of miracles of healing of devotes. Pope Píus VI responded this communication with 22 “breves perpetuos”, special instructions in which he granted generous indulgencies to all the pilgrims that attend the sanctuary. The copy of this Pontific document is filed in the Archives of the Basilica.

The image as artifact

Iconographic description

The image is a full-length representation of a copper coloured skinned Christ, a long haired young man with high cheek-bones and cleft chin covered by curled beard. His features are visible altered by the torture suffered on the agony of the passion, and dreadlocks simply parted in the middle framing his face. He is falling, hanged from the cross, with the hands and feet pierced by strong nails. His head is slightly inclined. He has a suffering but at the same time very serene expression in his eyes.

This Christ image didn't have really a crown of thorns already modeled on it, so the devotes have added to the head a diadem made of plants of the Andes, but without thorns, and fixing on it rays of Gold with precious gems. Apparently the figure is naked, but it has been dressed along the centuries with fine embroidered cloths that are periodically changed and cover the upper legs and belly. His head has been partially covered by a diadem of plants used to make baskets or hampers in the Andean artistry and decorated with fine rays in gold and with precious stones that were donated by devotes in gratitude for the miracles attributed to Christ in its advocation of Our lord of Miracles.

Its entire cross is framed by waiving flames made of silver and platinum possibly added in between the XVII or XVIII centuries that may represent at the same time its divine nature or remember the miracle of the fire, when the image was tested by putting them in a bonfire by orders of the inquisition inspector. The base of the cross has a garden of tropical flowers made in platinum, silver and gold, showing the image also as hanging from a tree of life. All these additions in noble metals follow a millennial custom to offer votive elements in thanksgiving to the divinity for the miracles received.

Physical description

Although it has all the aspect of a wooden Colonial Christ, the figure has been discovered recently to be made actually as modeled like a very fine ceramic, with porcelain quality, from a mixture of very fine highly plastic mud and grass that correspond to the plants found in the shores of the Guadalajara river until present. There are no precedents of this same quality of porcelain work in all the art craft of the Americas. It represents a singularity never repeated again either in the Pre-Hispanic or the Colonial religious art of not only Colombia but any other place in the entire Andean region of South America.

The original color of the figure is of mysterious origin, since resemble human skin, and it was possible protected subsequently with layers of varnish for religious figures used in colonial times by artisans hired to either repair or protect the figure, although there are no records of such repairs in the church archives.

The Lord of Miracles of Guadalajara of Buga has at present the size of a short adult man (1.30 m, about 4.5 ft). It has a distinctive look that is not really European, due to the relative dark color of his skin, but definitively of a man of middle east, resembling a lot the depictions of Christ from the Holy Mandylion and Keramion, or the mount Sinai monastery:

Technical analyses

On 5 October 2006, a team of specialists used four different complementary technologies to analyze the artifact: X rays, ultraviolet rays, pigment, and stratigraphic analysis. The analyses of the image certified its incredible well preserved condition after several centuries.

Religious significance

The image of the Lord of Miracles of Buga has been used in religious processions and public acts of prayer for the Peace of Colombia in particular during the grave narco-terrorist wave of violence that shocked Colombia during the second half of the 1980s and first of the 1990s. It also has been used when there are natural disasters like when earthquakes in the Andes or during strong floods produced by yearly tropical storms. [4]The Lord of the Miracles of Buga was sent on tour around to the principal cities of the country in 1993, including to the Capital Santa Fe de Bogota, as a special act of special consecration of the nation by the Roman Catholic Church that included several collective acts in which hundreds of thousands of devotes were gathered to pray for an end to internal conflict.

Our lord of Miracles had been turned to by the Catholic Church as a powerful national icon invoking peace and reconciliation on multiple occasions in Colombian history in particular calling for an end to internal national strife. An interesting parallel between the natural predisposition of the Christ of Buga to be hung out in public procession, due to its change of size and weight, and the climate of religiosity in the country. By the end of June 1902, Colombia was consecrated for the first time as a nation to the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Monsignor Bernardo Herrera-Restrepo in a church specially created for the event, El Voto Nacional, in the presence of President Jose María Sanclemente a few months before the ending of the one thousand days civil war.

In 1903, once the war was ended the Lord of Miracles of Buga went outside of the basilica for the first time in years. The solemn act of consecration remained unaltered and was continuously practiced every year, with the presence of every single President of the country up until 1994, when it was derogated by the administration of Ernesto Samper-Pizano who was accused of having financed his political campaign with money from drugs lords. In the years following, outdoor processions in Buga were interrupted. This lasted until 2004 when Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church restored the solemn act of the consecration of Colombia to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Our Lord of Miracles of Buga was successfully exposed in solemn procession outdoors in 2007 as well as 2014.

Cultural significance

Symbol of Colombia

The angular stone for the construction of the sanctuary was blessed by Ortiz, the Archbishop of Popayán. Also attending the religious ceremony was the President of the United States of Colombia, Rafael Nunez in 1886. The building of the church took more than 15 years, and was interrupted by the war of the thousand days in between 1900 and 1903, the worst civil war that ever occurred in Colombia.

The inauguration on 2 August 1907 was dedicated by the authorities of the Department regional government and representatives of the national government as well as ecclesiastic authorities. The Solemn Benediction of the Basilica was carried out by then Archbishop of Popayán, Msgr. Antonio Arboleda, on the Feast of St. Alphonsus Liguori, founder of the Redemptorist Order.

The minor Basilica is 33 meters in height, 80 meter long, and it had a French Clock installed on 18 March 1909. In between its two beautiful towers there is a statue of Christ Redemtor of 2 ½ mts of height, in melted iron. The five bells are imported from France. These are biggest church bells in Colombia. The bell called the "Miracle Maker" has a weight of 1.111 kgms; the bell called Perpetuo Socorro emits a note of Fa bemol, weighting 778 Kgms, the bell called St Therese of the Jesus Child sounds with a note of Sol, and weights 548 Kgms. The smallest bell weights 289 kgms, and the biggest (built in 1955), weighting three (3) tonnes.

The total area of the Basilica is about 2.088 square meters. The cost of the construction estimated to be ten million Colombian Pesos of the time, that was roughly equivalent to the same amount in dollars in that epoch. The image of Our Lord of Miracles contains inspirational elements that challenge the imagination of Colombian writers of the Latin American boom of magical realism to create fascinating stories like: The image of El Ecce-homo of El Divino of Gustavo Alvarez-Gardeazabal, The principal role of the divine being that fell of heaven in a Macondian town in Un senor muy viejo con unas alas enormes, or the unexpected handsome drowned man found by the fishers in El ahogado mas hermoso del mundo both tales of Gabriel García Marquez.

The Colombian film industry also has found inspiration in both apparitions of Our lady of Remedies and Our Lord of Miracles to create interesting productions, like the Strategy of the Snail, a film 1993 by Jorge Cabrera, when Misia Triana (played by actress Delfina Guido) accidentally finds the silhouette of Virgin Mary in a wall of the house in dispute.

Colombian Culture

The Lord of Miracles is also the Patron of the city of Buga, the only city in western Colombia that without being the capital of a department is granted privileges of great metropolis, since Spanish colonial times, and named after him as the land lady city of the country.

From an anthropological point of view, the image represent an interesting mixing of the Christian religion brought by the Spaniards to South America with the cosmology characteristic of the Andean Cultures, whereby God communicates with the humans through rivers. Water streams or lakes were along thousands of years magical and mystical places of contact with the supernatural forces. The aborigines used great bodies of water as channels of communication with the great beyond, the world of the ancestors, and to pray to the divinity.[11]

In Andean Colombia it is well known for instance the legend of the Golden Man, El Dorado, that was an Aborigine Chibcha King that every year used to navigate with priests using a raft on the volcanic Guatavita lake, located over three thousand meters above sea level, carrying incredible offerings of gold to the gods to be thrown in the water. The Chibchas believed that their entire civilization came from a woman and a baby that suddenly emerged from the waters of another Andean lake in its territory.[9]

The Great Civilizator God, or messenger of the gods, of the Northern Andes, Bochica, saved the entire Sabana of Bogota from a terrible flood by opening with his magic staff a fall of water in the rocks that, according with the legend, is the current Tequendama falls. Interestingly Bochica was always depicted in the ancient Art of the Andes as a fair skinned man with beard, very look like the aspect of the Hebrews of ancient times or even the first Spaniards that came to Colombia, showing at the same time a parallel between the great universal biblical flood of the prophet Noah, as well as the legend of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mexico or Wiracocha in Ancient Peru.[10]

Buga is located currently in the middle of the Cauca's valley, a region that was populated in ancient times, since at least 1000 years before Christ, by some of the most advanced prehispanic Colombian civilizations: Kalima, Quimbaya, Malagana, Katios, all among the best goldsmiths of the Americas. It was Sebastian de Benalcazar, a Lieutenant of Francisco Pizarro, who first heard from the native Andean people of the legend of El Dorado. Moved by the rumors of the existence of El Dorado Benalzacar crossed from Equator to Colombia, in 1535, exploring all the southwest of the country, founding various cities (San Juan de Pasto, Popayan, and Santiago de Cali) in 1537 on his way and finally arrived to the valley of Sabana of Bogota that he reached at the same time than the Granadian conqueror Gonzalo Ximenez of Quezada and the German, Nikolaus Von Federmann, by 1539.

In 1555 Sebastian of Benalcazar, already confirmed as governor of Cauca Province, founded Guadalajara of Buga. Cauca is a quechua word that means "soft" and refers to the paused aspect of the stream of water that runs into a big Andean river, that however has turbulent underwater currents. The River was used by the Aborigines since before Christ as a pathway of rafts navigating from the inner Andean valleys and mountains to the Caribbean sea. This also has powerful symbolism of communication in between the world inhabited by men and the one that is home of the divinity, also in between the high peaks of the Andes in contact with the sky and the low lands next to the ocean, a sort of trip from the supra world to the infra world across the northern Andean pre-Hispanic kingdoms.[12]

No doubt the cult to our Lord of Miracles of Buga transformed the Spanish Conquest of Colombia more humanitarian with respect to the Andean Aborigines, it was as the image of Guadalupe in Mexico, a point of friendly and harmonious contact in between very different civilizations. After the apparition it is likely that under the Catholic Church request the initial violent conquest by Spain of the country was moderated in the XVII century, respecting more the human dignity of the aborigines, that were non longer treated as just pagans.

Catholic Church

Basilica of Guadalajara of Buga Vista

Beliefs and miracles

Roman Catholic sources claim many miraculous and supernatural properties for the image such as the fact that the figure has maintained its structural integrity over nearly 500 years, while wooden replicas normally last only some few decades before they start to suffer degradation.

1. The washingwoman found a tiny crucifix that was the size of her hand in the Guadalajara river and then it grew up to the size of a boy of 10 years old in a night. That was the first miracle.

2. In 1605, the Christ was inside while there was a fire for two days. After the fire, the crucifix started to emit oils.

3 The sudden move of the stream from its original riverbed to facilitate the peregrination of devotes coming from the city of Buga.

4. Marino A. Molina, a professional basketball sportmen who represented Colombia in the 1st Bolivarian games of 1938, was healed being 6 years old of an infection of Gangrena in his mouth that was diagnosticated as fatal and fret part of his left cheek and jaw. His mother prayed to the Novena of our Lord of Miracles of Buga.

5. Tulia M. Aldana, who became the first national bank executive woman of Colombia in 1949 (Almagran), was healed by 1930 of a tumor in her right groin that was diagnosticated as maligne by physicians who recommended to use surgery on it, without any treatment after prayers of her grand mother to Our lord of Miracles of Buga.

6. A worker in a mine in Peru had an accident losing his speech and sight, he prayed to this Christ and he was healed.

7. Romelio Cosio recovered the full motion on his legs after to have diagnosed of irreversible paraplegia by Physicians. This miracle happened when he was in prayer in front of the Crucifix, he literally left his crutches and start to walk normally without them.

8.Teresa Moreno had a nervous chronic spasm or tic that didn't allow her to talk or eat normally, after she prayed to this Christ she was healed.

9. A boy of the Amazonic region of Caqueta was born with a severe infection in his lungs and in spite of the diagnostics of physicians that will soon die he survived, he was healed after prayers to this Christ.

10. In 2005, a youngster of Cundinamarca, Andean Colombia, suffered an accident that left her in a coma. After some months of prayer by her family using Our Lord of Miracles novena she recovered consciousness.

11. Having as witness the Priest father Guillermo Giraldo a man that was diagnosed with brain death by physicians returned literally to life. His wife prayed to this Christ.

12. After three years praying the Novena to Our Lord of the Miracles of Buga, Marina Benítez became mother, she was diagnosed as sterile by physicians.

13 José Luna is a devote that traveled from Mexcico to Buga to give thanks to Our Lord of Miracles of Buga to be healed of his spine, after been lying in bed for 4 years.

Clerical approbation

Several Pontiffs have granted recognitions to the venerated image, namely the following:

Devotions and veneration

The novena is recited daily in the National Shrine of the Lord of the Miracles of Buga at his basilica. The Lord of the Miracles of Guadalajara de Buga is considered the Patron of the Colombian Armed Forces. He is also venerated by all social sectors in Colombia, a country of outstanding ethnic diversity, and specially by the Andean native aboriginals, on the account of their devotion calling for the conversion of the aborigines of all South America. Replicas of the image are very popular in millions of homes not only in Colombia but in other Andean or Caribbean countries around it.

The annual festivities in honor of the Lord of Miracles of Buga (Colombia)in 2014 were extraordinary, as three special events that the Redemptorist friars, that have administrated the Basilica along all its existence, and the Pilgrims had celebrated:

These three reasons made the days of the Novena and the Feast Day (September 5–14) and the pilgrimage of thousands and thousands of pilgrims to the Shrine/Sanctuary a sight rarely seen before.

See also

References

    [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

    Notes

    1.↑ a b «Basilicas in Colombia» (en inglés). Giga-Catholic Information. Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2008. 2.↑ «Sector Histórico». Alcaldía Municipal de Guadalajara de Buga. Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2008. 3.↑ «Historia de la Basílica de Buga». Milagroso de Buga. Consultado el 21 de noviembre de 2008. 4.↑ «Basílica Menor del Señor de los Milagros». Alcaldía Municipal de Guadalajara de Buga. Consultado el 21 de 5.↑ «Creer y Consumir: La industria del turismo Religioso en Guadalajara de Buga. Juan Manuel Caycedo-Atehortua, Universidad Del Valle, Tesis Professional en Sociologia. Octubre, 2013.

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Lord of Miracles of Guadalajara de Buga (Cauca Valley).

    Coordinates: 19°29′04″N 99°07′02″W / 19.48444°N 99.11722°W / 19.48444; -99.11722

    1. ↑ 1.Novela Biblica a Cristo crucificado, Historia del Senor de los Milagros de Buga 2011 P.Eliecer Salesman/ref>
    2. ↑ 2.La conquista de Buga:historia del descubrimiento y colonizacion espanola de la provincia de Buga Tulio Enrique Tascon Tipografia Colombia, 1924 - Buga (Valle del Cauca, Colombia) - Historia -
    3. ↑ 3.Historia extensa de Colombia: Historia eclesiástica de Colombia. La Iglesia bajo el Regalismo de los Borbones, siglo XVIII. Libro primero: De Felipe V a Carlos III, Volume 13 Juan Manuel Pacheco Lerner, 1986
    4. ↑ 4.Actualización de la historia de los terremotos en Colombia Jesús Emilio Ramírez Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto Geofísico Universidad Javeriana, Jan 1, 2004 -
    5. ↑ 5.Title Guía turística: Cali sin maquillaje Published 1958 Original from University of Texas Digitized May 23, 2008
    6. ↑ 6.Title Colombia... Síntesis de la actividad nacional y continental, Issues 8-10 Contributor Colombia. Contraloría General de la República Published 1944, pag.178
    7. ↑ 7.Miraculous Images of Our Lord: Famous Catholic Statues, Portraits and Crucifixes Joan Carroll Cruz TAN Books, 1995 -
    8. ↑ 8. "Our Mother of Perpetual Help". Salvemariaregina.info. 1921-07-30. Retrieved 2014-01-26
    9. ↑ 9. Freyle, Juan Rodríguez (1636). Conquista y descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada [El Carnero].
    10. ↑ 10.Ocampo López, Javier. 2013. Mitos y leyendas indígenas de Colombia - Indigenous myths and legends of Colombia, 1-219. Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A..
    11. ↑ 11.Ocampo López, Javier. 2007. Grandes culturas indígenas de América [Great indigenous cultures of the Americas], Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A..
    12. ↑ 12.Silverberg, Robert. The Golden Dream: Seekers of El Dorado. Athens: the Ohio University Press, 1985.
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