Lloyd Axworthy

Lloyd Norman Axworthy, PC CC OM (born December 21, 1939) is a Canadian politician, statesman and academic. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. Following his retirement from parliament, he served as president and vice-chancellor of the University of Winnipeg from 2004 to 2014 and as chancellor of St. Paul's University College (a constituent institution of the University of Waterloo).

Biography

Axworthy was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan to parents Norman and Gwen Axworthy and into a family with strong United Church roots, and received his BA from United College, a Winnipeg-based Bible school, in 1961. He is the older brother of Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy (former Manitoba Liberal Party leadership candidate). He received his MA and PhD from Princeton University in 1963 and 1972 respectively, returning to Canada to teach at the University of Manitoba and the University of Winnipeg. At the latter, he also became the director of the Institute of Urban Affairs.^[1][2] His approach to urban renewal has been described in architectural circles as Gentrification Modernism^[3] or post-Dickensianism.^[4]

Early political career

Axworthy became involved in politics during the 1950s, becoming a member of the Liberal Party after attending a speech by Lester B. Pearson. He briefly aligned himself with the New Democratic Party (NDP) in the 1960s when Pearson, as federal opposition leader, called for American Bomarc nuclear warheads to be allowed on Canadian soil. He soon returned to the Liberal fold, however, and worked as an executive assistant for John Turner; he supported Turner's bid to become party leader at the 1968 leadership convention.

Axworthy ran for the party in Winnipeg North Centre in the 1968 election, finishing second against veteran NDP Member of Parliament (MP) Stanley Knowles. He first ran for the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1966 election, placing second to Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes in St. James. In the 1973 election, he was elected as a Manitoba Liberal in Fort Rouge, He was re-elected in the 1977 election, and was the only Liberal in the legislature from 1977 to 1979.

Federal government

He resigned from the Manitoba legislature on April 6, 1979 to run for the federal House of Commons, and in the 1979 election narrowly defeated former provincial PC leader Sidney Spivak in Winnipeg—Fort Garry. He was re-elected in the 1980 election, becoming the only Liberal MP west of Ontario. He was promoted to cabinet under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, serving as Minister of Employment and Immigration, and then as Minister of Transport.

In the Liberal defeat in the 1984 election, Axworthy was one of only two Liberals west of Ontario to be elected (the other being then Liberal leader John Turner). Axworthy played a role in opposition, supporting tough on crime policies, but also supporting fiscal conservatism by critiquing the fiscal taxation policy of Brian Mulroney. He was an especially vocal critic of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, and countenanced Canadian paternalism in international trade.

When the Liberals returned to power in 1993 under Jean Chrétien, Axworthy became a Cabinet minister. After the election, he was given responsibility for the Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), and launched changes in employment insurance. Although his main interest was urban renewal,in a 1996 cabinet shuffle, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs.

His inexperience in international affairs was reflected in a idealist focus which ignored the centrality of deterrence, led to conflicts with the US Clinton Administration, and gave short shrift to global instabilities and threats, particularly emerging Middle East terrorism. Instead, Axworthy invested in efforts in high-profile utopian projects, such as the NGO-led controversial Ottawa Treaty that seeks to ban anti-personnel land mines (a project opposed by the US on security grounds). (Human Rights Watch, a leader of the landmine treaty campaign, rewarded Axworthy by appointing him to their international board.)

In February 1999 and April 2000, Axworthy was President of the United Nations Security Council with Canada's Ambassador to the UN Robert Fowler. In April 2000, Axworthy supported the highly controversial effort to reduce the sanction against Iraq, under the regime of Saddam Hussein, citing a humanitarian explanation "to avoid making ordinary citizens pay for the actions of their leaders." Axworthy clashed with the US government on this issue, particularly over the lack of alternative options to deter the regime from additional aggression.^[5]

Honours and awards

In 1997, Axworthy was nominated by United States Senator Patrick Leahy to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on banning land mines.. He did not win, but was thanked by the recipients, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, as having been instrumental in their effort.^[6] Critics, however, viewed Axworthy's land mine campaign and the involvement of political NGOs as counter-productive, since many key nations, including the US, Russia and China did not join.^[7]

In 1998 he was one of the two winners of the North–South Prize.^[8] In 2003, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada^[9] and elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[10]

On October 15, 2012, Elder, Dr. Tobasonakwut Kinew and, Dr. Phil Fontaine, honoured Axworthy - Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Free Range Frog Man, at a sacred Pipe Ceremony.^[11] Axworthy was recognized for his commitment to creating an inclusive learning experience that reflects Indigenous cultures and traditions at UWinnipeg. The ceremony was led by Anishinaabe Elder Fred Kelly and musician and broadcaster Wab Kinew.^[12]

Axworthy was presented with an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Environment of the University of Waterloo in October 2014.^[13]

In December 30, 2015, Axworthy was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada, the highest grade of the honour.^[14]

After politics

In September 2000, Axworthy returned to academia, joining the Liu Institute for Global Issues at the University of British Columbia. He has published Navigating A New World, a book on the uses of "soft power".

In May 2004, he was appointed as president and vice-chancellor of the University of Winnipeg. He retired in June 2014.

Axworthy is Chair of the Advisory Committee for the Americas Division of Human Rights Watch, a highly controversial position resulting from this organisation's record of political bias, fundraising in Saudi Arabia, and lack of credibility. He also serves on the advisory council of USC Center on Public Diplomacy and of Fair Vote Canada, and is an endorser of the Genocide Intervention Network and International Student Exchange, Ontario.

In 2006, Axworthy was elected to the Board of Directors of Hudbay Minerals, Inc.^[15]

He currently serves as the President of the World Federalist Movement-Institute for Global Policy.^[16]

Axworthy was installed as Chancellor of St. Paul's University College, a constituent institution of the University of Waterloo, in October 2014.^[13]

Publications

• Navigating a New World, Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004
• Liberals at the Border, University of Toronto Press, 2004
• The Axworthy Legacy, Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001
• Boulevard of Broken Dreams: A 40 Year Journey through Portage Avenue - Displacement, Dislocation, and How Osmosis Can Resolve Community Blight', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (In Press)

References

External links

• Lecture transcript and video of Axworthy's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, February 2005
• Lloyd Axworthy – Parliament of Canada biography
• Order of Canada Citation

Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Secretaries of State for External Affairs (1909–83)	Murphy Roche Borden Meighen King Meighen King Bennett King St. Laurent Pearson Diefenbaker Smith Diefenbaker (acting) Green Martin Sharp MacEachen Jamieson MacDonald MacGuigan
Ministers of External Affairs (1983–95)	MacEachen Chrétien Clark McDougall Beatty Ouellet
Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1995–)	Ouellet Axworthy Manley Graham Pettigrew MacKay Bernier Emerson Cannon Baird Fast (Acting) Nicholson Dion

Ministers of Transport
Ministers of Railways and Canals (1879–1936)	Tupper Pope Macdonald Bowell (acting) Haggart Ouimet (acting) Haggart Blair Fielding (acting) Emmerson Fielding (acting) Graham Cochrane Reid Stewart Kennedy Graham Dunning Drayton (acting) Black Dunning Crerar Manion Howe
Ministers of Transport (1936–2006)	Howe Cardin Howe (acting) Michaud Chevrier Marler Hees Balcer McIlraith Pickersgill Hellyer Richardson (acting) Jamieson Marchand Lang Mazankowski Pépin Axworthy Mazankowski Crosbie Bouchard Lewis Corbeil Young Anderson Collenette Valeri Lapierre
Ministers of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities (2006–15)	Cannon Baird Strahl Lebel Raitt
Ministers of Transport (2015–present)	Garneau

Ministers of Western Economic Diversification
McKnight Mayer Collins Schneider Axworthy Manley Tobin Rock Pagtakhan Owen Skelton Ambrose Prentice Ambrose Yelich Rempel

Ministers of Labour
Ministers of Labour (1900–96)	Mulock Aylesworth Lemieux1 W. L. M. King Crothers Robertson Murdock J. H. King (acting) Elliott Manion (acting) Jones Heenan Robertson Gordon Rogers McLarty Mitchell Martin (acting) Gregg Starr MacEachen Nicholson Pépin Mackasey O'Connell Munro Ouellet (acting) O'Connell Alexander Regan Caccia Ouellet McKnight Cadieux Corbeil Danis Valcourt Axworthy Robillard
Ministers of Human Resources Development (1996–2005)2	Young Pettigrew Stewart Frulla Dryden
Ministers of Human Resources and Skills Development (2005–13)	Stronach Finley Solberg Finley
Ministers of Employment and Social Development (2013–15)	Kenney Poilievre
Minister of Families, Children and Social Development (2015–present)	Duclos
Ministers of Labour (1996–2015)	Robillard Gagliano MacAulay Bradshaw Fontana3 Blackburn Ambrose Raitt Leitch
Minister of Employment, Workforce and Labour (2015–present)	Mihychuk
1Until 1909, the office of the minister of Labour was a secondary function of the Postmaster-General of Canada. W. L. M. King was the first to hold the office independently. 2The office of Minister of Employment and Immigration, and Minister of Labour were abolished and the office of Minister of Human Resources Development went in force on July 12, 1996. Under the new provisions, a Minister of Labour may be appointed. However, when no Minister of Labour is appointed, the Minister of Human Resources Development shall exercise the powers and perform the duties and functions of the Minister of Labour. 3Styled "Minister of Labour and Housing".

Ministers of Employment and Immigration
Cullen Atkey Axworthy Roberts MacDonald Bouchard McDougall Valcourt1
The office of Minister of Employment and Immigration, and Minister of Labour were abolished and the office of Minister of Human Resources Development came in force July 12, 1996.