List of first minority male lawyers in the United States
This is a listing of the first minority male attorneys in the United States and for each individual state. If available, the first Caucasian male lawyer for each state is mentioned to offer a historical perspective.
Nationwide
- Thomas Lechford (c. 1638)[1] (First barrister who emigrated to New England)
- James McDonald (c. 1820s)[2] (First Native American lawyer in the United States)
- Macon Bolling Allen (1844)[3] (First African-American lawyer in the United States)
- Augustin Haidusek (c. 1870)[4] (First Czech lawyer to be licensed to practice in the United States)
- Joseph G. Parkison (c. 1883)[5] (First deaf male lawyer in the United States)
- Hong Yen Chang (1887)[6] (First male of Chinese ancestry admitted to practice law in the United States)
- Masuji Miyakawa (1905)[7] or Arthur K. Ozawa[8] (c. 1910) (First Japanese-American lawyer in the United States)
- Pablo Manlapit (1919)[9] (First Filipino licensed to practice law in the United States)
- Herbert Choy (1941)[10] (First Korean-American admitted to practice law in the United States)
- Christopher Thang Tao (c. 1986)[11] (First Hmong licensed to practice law in the United States)
- Sergio C. Garcia (2014) (First undocumented immigrant licensed to practice law in the United States)
Individual states
- Alabama: John McKinley[12] (Alabama’s first lawyer by certain accounts); Robert Charles O'Hara Benjamin[13] (First African-American male lawyer in Alabama)
- Alaska: John F. McLean, M. P. Berry, and Edward W. Haskett (1844)[14] (First members of the Alaska Bar of Attorneys); William Paul (1921)[15] (First male of Native blood admitted to practice law in Alaska)
- Arizona: Cole Bashford[16] (Arizona's first lawyer); Joseph C. Padilla (1936) (First Hispanic male lawyer in Arizona); Hayzel B. Daniels (1948) (First African-American male lawyer in Arizona)[17]
- Arkansas: Perly Wallis (1808)[18] (Arkansas' first lawyer); Thomas P. Johnson (1866)[19] (First African-American male lawyer in Arkansas)
- California: Frederick H. Billings[20] (California's first lawyer); Robert Charles O'Hara Benjamin (1884)[21] (First African-American male lawyer admitted to the California Bar); Chan Chung Wing (1890)[22] (First Chinese-American male to obtain a law degree in California, but was denied the right to practice law. He was awarded the right to practice posthumously in 2015); You Chung Hong (1923)[23] (First Chinese-American male lawyer to pass the California Bar exam); Kenji Ito (1945)[24] (First Japanese-American male attorney post-WWII); John Rollin Ridge/Yellow Bird (First Native American to practice law in California); Sergio C. Garcia (2014) (First undocumented immigrant to be admitted to the California Bar and the United States)
- Connecticut: Roger Ludlow (c. 1634)[25] (Connecticut's first lawyer); Edwin Archer Randolph (1880)[26] (First African-American male lawyer in Connecticut)
- Delaware: Thomas Spry (c. 1676)[27][28] (Delaware' first lawyer); Louis L. Redding (1929)[29] (First African-American male lawyer in Delaware)
- District of Columbia: George Boyer Vashon (1869)[30] (First African-American male attorney in the District of Columbia)
- Florida: Abraham Bellamy (1822)[31] (First lawyer to settle in Jacksonville, Florida); Harvey S. Harmon (1869)[32][33] (First African-American male attorney in Florida); James Weldon Johnson (1897)[34] (First African-American male admitted to the Florida Bar post-Reconstruction
- Georgia: William Clifton (1754)[35] (Georgia's first lawyer); Judson Whitlocke Lyons[36] (First African-American male attorney in Georgia)
- Hawaii: John Ricord (1844) (Hawaii's first lawyer); Thomas McCants Stewart[37] (First African-American male attorney in Hawaii); Keigoro Katsura (c. 1855)[38] (First male lawyer of Japanese descent in Hawaii); Arthur K. Ozawa (1910)[39] (First Japanese-American to pass the Hawaii Bar); Pablo Manlapit (1919)[40] (First Filipino licensed to practice law in Hawaii and in the United States)
- Idaho: Hartwell Lytton (H.L.) Preston (1866)[41] (Idaho’s first lawyer); Reginald Ray Reeves (1952)[42] (First African-American male attorney in Idaho)
- Illinois: John Rice Jones (c. 1790s)[43] (Illinois' first lawyer); Frederick McGee (First African-American male attorney in Illinois)
- Indiana: Isaac Newton Blackford[44] (Indiana's first lawyer); James T.V. Hill[45] (First African-American male attorney in Indianapolis, Indiana)
- Iowa: W.W. Chapman or James W. Woods (c. 1830s)[46] (Iowa's first lawyer); A.H. Watkins (1874)[47] (First African-American male attorney in Iowa)
- Kansas: John Adams Halderman (c. 1854) (Kansas’ first lawyer);[48] John H. Morris (1871)[49] (First African-American male attorney admitted to Kansas Bar)
- Kentucky: George Nicholas (c. 1790s),[50] John Williams[51] or John Todd[52] (Kentucky's first lawyer); Nathaniel Harper[53] (First African-American male attorney in Kentucky)
- Louisiana: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1682)[54] (Louisiana’s first lawyer); C. Clay Morgan (1860)[55] (First African-American male attorney in Louisiana)
- Maine: Charles Story and Lt. Richard Bryar[56] (c. 1701) (Maine’s earliest known male lawyers); Macon Bolling Allen (1844)[57] (First African-American male attorney in Maine)
- Maryland: Luther Martin[58] (Maryland's first lawyer by certain accounts); Charles S. Wilson (1885)[59] (First African-American male attorney in Maryland)
- Massachusetts: Thomas Newton (1688)[60] (Massachusetts' first lawyer); Macon Bolling Allen (1845) (First African-American male attorney in Massachusetts); Harry Dow (1929)[61] (First Chinese-American male lawyer in Massachusetts)
- Michigan: Daniel Webster (1836)[62] (Michigan's first lawyer); John C. McLeod (1870)[63] (First African-American male attorney in Michigan); Michael Berry[64] (First Muslim male lawyer in Michigan)
- Minnesota: General H.H. Sibley (c. 1834)[65] (Minnesota’s first lawyer); Frederick McGee (1889)[66] (First African-American male attorney in Minnesota)
- Mississippi: John McKinley[67] (Mississippi’s first lawyer by certain accounts); James Henry Piles (1869)[68] (First African-American male attorney in Mississippi)
- Missouri: John Rice Jones (1802)[69] (Missouri’s first English lawyer); John H. Johnson (1871)[70] (First African-American male attorney in Missouri)
- Montana: H. P. A. Smith (1864)[71] (Montana’s first lawyer in the southern region); Frank G. Higgins (1886) (Montana's first native-born lawyer); John D. Posten (1890) (First African-American male attorney in Montana); James Weston Dorsey (1927)[72] (First African-American male to earn a law degree at the University of Montana School of Law)
- Nebraska: Othman A. Abbott (1867)[73] (Nebraska’s first lawyer by certain accounts); Silas Robbins (1889)[74] (First African-American male attorney in Nebraska); Simeon Bloom[75] (First Jewish male lawyer in Nebraska)
- Nevada: Dr. Charles Daggett and Solomon C. Perren (1855)[76] (Nevada’s first lawyers admitted to the bar); Charles Kellar[77] (1961) (First African-American male to pass the Nevada bar exam, but denied the right to practice law); Earle W. White, Jr. and Robert L. Reid (1964)[78] (First African-American male lawyers in Nevada)
- New Hampshire: Daniel Abbot (1803)[79] (New Hampshire's first lawyer)
- New Jersey: Cortlandt Parker[80] (New Jersey's first lawyer); George Jackson (1893)[81] (First African-American male attorney in New Jersey)
- New Mexico: Henry Lucien Warren (c. 1880s)[82] (New Mexico’s first lawyer by certain accounts); Fred Simms (c. 1880s)[83] (First African-American male attorney in New Mexico); M.T. Malone (1914)[84] (First African-American male attorney to pass the bar exam and practice law in New Mexico); Antonio Barreiro (c. 1932)[85] (First male of Mexican descent to practice law in New Mexico)
- New York: Abraham van Vechten[86] (c. 1777) (New York's first lawyer); George B. Vashon (1847)[87] (First African-American male attorney in New York); Hong Yen Chang (1887)[88] (First Chinese male attorney in the United States and New York); George Yamaoka (1939)[89] (First Japanese-American male lawyer in New York); Cesar Vargas (2015)[90] (First undocumented lawyer admitted to practice in New York)
- North Carolina: Thomas Bragg[91] (North Carolina’s first lawyer by certain accounts); George Lawrence Mabson (1871)[92] (First African-American male attorney in North Carolina); John S. Leary (1892)[93] (First African-American male attorney to practice in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina)
- North Dakota: Leslie A. Simpson[94] (North Dakota’s first lawyer to practice in the western region); In 1900, the first African-American male attorney was listed in the census. However, it is uncertain who that person is.[95]
- Ohio: Paul Fearing (Ohio's first lawyer); John Mercer Langston (1854)[96] (First African-American male attorney in Ohio)
- Oklahoma: Sam Houston[97] (Oklahoma’s first lawyer by certain accounts); Simon R. Walking-Stick (c. 1893)[98] (First Cherokee Indian male lawyer in Oklahoma)
- Oregon: Peter Skene Ogden[99] (Oregon’s first lawyer); McCants Stewart[100] (First African-American male attorney in Oregon); Seid Beck, Jr. (1907)[101] (First known Chinese-American male lawyer in Oregon); Minoru Yasui (c. 1939)[102] (First Japanese-American male lawyer in Oregon)
- Pennsylvania: David Lloyd[103] (Pennsylvania’s first lawyer); Jonathan Jason Wright (1865)[104] (First African-American male attorney in Pennsylvania); Juan Silva (1965)[105] (First Hispanic male lawyer admitted to practice in Pennsylvania)
- Rhode Island: Nathaniel Newdigate, Henry Bull, and Daniel Updike (c. 1720s)[106] (Rhode Island’s first lawyers); John Henry Ballou (1874)[107] (First African-American male attorney in Rhode Island)
- South Carolina: Nicholas Trott[108] (South Carolina's first lawyer by certain accounts); Jonathan Jason Wright (1867)[109] (First African-American male attorney in South Carolina); Antonia Capotosto (1904)[110] (First Italian-American lawyer in Rhode Island)
- South Dakota: Henry Masters[111] (South Dakota's first practicing lawyer); Will F. Reden[112] (First African-American male attorney in South Dakota)
- Tennessee: Luke Bowyer[113] (Tennessee's first lawyer); Frederick McGee (First African-American male attorney in Tennessee)
- Texas: Francisco de Arocha[114] (Texas' first lawyer by certain accounts); William A. Price (1873)[115] or Allen W. Wilder (c. 1880)[116] (First African-American male attorney in Texas); Wellington Chew (1951) [117](First Chinese-American male lawyer in Texas)
- Utah: Phineas Young (Utah's first lawyer by certain accounts); Lawrence Marsh (1909)[118] (First African-American male attorney in Utahwho was disbarred); Yoshio Katayama (1946) (First Japanese-American male admitted to the Utah Bar); M. Kent Christopherson (1973) (First Native American male admitted to the Utah Bar);[119] Michael Martinez (1976)[120] (First Hispanic male to practice law in Utah)
- Vermont: John Burham (c. 1778)[121] or Charles Phelps[122] (Vermont's first lawyer); Samuel Johnson (c. 1980s)[123] (First African-American male attorney in Vermont)
- Virginia: Captain Gabriel Archer[124] (Virginia's first lawyer); Robert Charles O'Hara Benjamin (First African-American male lawyer in Virginia)
- Washington: Daniel Q. Gale[125] (Washington's first lawyer); Robert O. Lee (1889)[126] (First African-American male lawyer in Washington)
- West Virginia: William Pallister Hubbard (1866)[127] (West Virginia's first lawyer by certain accounts); Thomas G. Nutter (1929)[128] (First African-American in West Virginia)
- Wisconsin: John Catlin[129] and Henry S. Baird (1823)[130] (Wisconsin's first lawyers); Everett E. Simpson[131] (First African-American male lawyer in Wisconsin)
- Wyoming: William L. Simpson (1892)[132] (First Wyoming lawyer to be admitted via oral examination); In 1910, the first African-American male attorney was listed in the census. Various sources have stated that it is uncertain who that person is, though according to www.ancestry.com, Plasa L. Turner is listed as a Black lawyer living in Middle, Sweetwater, Wyoming in the 1910 U.S. Census.[133]
See also
References
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- ↑ Hoxie, Frederick (2012-10-25). This Indian Country: American Indian Activists and the Place They Made. Penguin. ISBN 9781101595909.
- ↑ "America's first Black Lawyer, Macon B. Allen | African American Registry". www.aaregistry.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
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- ↑ Stanton, John F. (2011). "Breaking the Sound Barriers: How the Americans with Disabilities Act and Technology Have Enabled Deaf Lawyers to Succeed". 45 Val. U. L. Rev. 1185. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
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- ↑ Brown, Steven P. (2012-10-12). John McKinley and the Antebellum Supreme Court: Circuit Riding in the Old Southwest. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817317713.
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- ↑ Andrews, C.L. (1922). "THE STORY OF SITKA: THE HISTORIC OUTPOST OF THE NORTHWEST COAST / THE CHIEF FACTORY OF THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY". Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ↑ Jr, Evangeline Atwood and Lew Williams (2006-06-13). Bent Pins to Chains: Alaska and Its Newspapers. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781469120867.
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- ↑ Woo, Elaine (2003-08-14). "Kenji Ito, 94; Attorney Was Found Not Guilty at Spy Trial in 1942". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
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- ↑ J.D, Roderick O. Ford (2008-10-15). The Evasion of African American Workers: Critical Thoughts on U.S. Labor & Employment Law and Policy. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462822140.
- ↑ "Delaware Grapevine". www.delawaregrapevine.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
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- ↑ "Louis L. Redding, first Black lawyer in Delaware and civil rights pioneer | African American Registry". www.aaregistry.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
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- ↑ Clay, Henry (2015-01-13). The Papers of Henry Clay: Secretary of State, 1825. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813156705.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Jackson, David H. (June 10, 2011). "MEMBERS OF THE BENCH & BAR TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT'S CENTENNIAL 1911-2011" (PDF). TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT HISTORY COMMITTEE AND VIRGIL HAWKINS BAR ASSOCIATION, INC. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
- ↑ McPherson, Alan (2013-07-08). Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598842609.
- ↑ Georgia Bar Journal. Georgia Bar Association. 1943-01-01.
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- ↑ Kimura, Yukiko (1992-01-01). Issei: Japanese Immigrants in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824814816.
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- ↑ Kristensen, Deborah. "The First 50 Men in Idaho Law" (PDF). Givens Pursley LLP. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Illinois State Historical Society. 1919-01-01.
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- ↑ Stiles, Edward Holcomb (1916-01-01). Recollections and Sketches of Notable Lawyers and Public Men of Early Iowa Belonging to the First and Second Generations: With Anecdotes and Incidents Illustrative of the Times. Homestead Pub.
- ↑ J.D, Roderick O. Ford (2008-10-15). The Evasion of African American Workers: Critical Thoughts on U.S. Labor & Employment Law and Policy. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462822140.
- ↑ McKenzie, Sandra Craig (1988–1989). "Paul Wilson: Kansas Lawyer" (PDF). Kansas Lawyer, 37 U. Kan. L. Rev. 1 (1988-1989). Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ The History of Kentucky: From Its Earliest Discovery and Settlement, to the Present Date. Prentice Press. 1895-01-01.
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- ↑ Lockwood, Evelyn M. (1984). "KENTUCKY BENCH AND BAR: KENTUCKY BAR JOURNAL /KENTUCKY STATE BAR JOURNAL CUMULATIVE INDEX, Volume One through Volume Forty-six 1936 - 1982" (PDF). Commonwealth of Kentucky State Law Library. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ↑ Klotter, Freda C. Faces of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 081317175X.
- ↑ Hargrave, W. Lee (2004-09-01). LSU Law: The Louisiana State University Law School from 1906 to 1977. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807129142.
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- ↑ The New England Historical and Genealogical Register,: Volume 31 1877. Heritage Books. 1995-07-01. ISBN 9780788402401.
- ↑ "First Chinese lawyer in Mass. honored at alma mater Suffolk University – Sampan.org". sampan.org. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ↑ General, Michigan Department of Attorney (1878-01-01). Annual Report of the Attorney General of the State of Michigan for the Year ...
- ↑ J.D, Roderick O. Ford (2008-10-15). The Evasion of African American Workers: Critical Thoughts on U.S. Labor & Employment Law and Policy. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462822140.
- ↑ "Michigan's first Muslim lawyer, Michael Berry of Dearborn, dies at 95". MLive.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
- ↑ Stevens, Hiram Fairchild (1904-01-01). History of the Bench and Bar of Minnesota. Legal Publishing and Engraving Company.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Brown, Steven P. (2012-10-12). John McKinley and the Antebellum Supreme Court: Circuit Riding in the Old Southwest. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817317713.
- ↑ J.D, Roderick O. Ford (2008-10-15). The Evasion of African American Workers: Critical Thoughts on U.S. Labor & Employment Law and Policy. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462822140.
- ↑ Historical, Pictorial and Biographical Record, of Chariton County, Missouri. Pictorial and Biographical Publishing Company. 1896-01-01.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ "History of Southern Montana -- CHAPTER XXVII". library.umwestern.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
- ↑ Gilder, Don. "1st Black Grad @ U of M Law School - Missoula native James Dorsey - Griz lineman - Milwaukee leader". oldmissoula.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ↑ "Othman A. Abbott - Grade 3: Grand Island Resources". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Memories of the Jewish Midwest. Nebraska Jewish Historical Society. 1985-01-01.
- ↑ Wren, Thomas (1904-01-01). A History of the State of Nevada: Its Resources and People. Lewis publishing Company.
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- ↑ Anderson, Rachel J. (February 1, 2012). "Timeline of African-American Legal History in Nevada (1861-2011)". University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
- ↑ "History of Nashua | Nashua, NH". www.nashuanh.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ↑ Miller, Richard F. (2015-02-03). States at War, Volume 4: A Reference Guide for Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey in the Civil War. University Press of New England. ISBN 9781611686227.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Association, American Bar (1900-01-01). Report of the ... Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association. E.C. Markley & Son.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Hornsby, Alton (2011-01-01). Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313341120.
- ↑ Raines, Lester Courtney (1935-01-01). More New Mexico writers and writings. Dept. of English and speech, New Mexico normal university.
- ↑ Association, New York State Bar (1890-01-01). Proceedings and Committee Reports - New York State Bar Association. Boyd Print. Company.
- ↑ Harris, Leslie M. (2004-08-01). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226317755.
- ↑ "Chinese Lawyer Admitted to California Bar — 125 Years After Applying". KQED News. 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
- ↑ "GEORGE YAMAOKA, LAWYER NAMED TO POST BY MACARTHUR, DIES AT 78". The New York Times. 1981-11-22. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ↑ "César Vargas Just Became New York's First Undocumented Lawyer". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
- ↑ Broadus, John Albert (1886-01-01). Sermons and Addresses. George H. Doran.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ "John S. Leary Association of Black Attorneys | Association of Black Attorneys". www.learybar.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
- ↑ Woods, Lawrence (2016-01-23). The Lives of Otto Chenoweth: Wyoming’s Gentleman Horse Thief. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781504974158.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ "John Mercer Langston". www.oberlin.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
- ↑ Gregory, Jack Dwain (1967-01-01). Sam Houston with the Cherokees, 1829-1833. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806128092.
- ↑ Smith, Frank Charles; Proctor, Lucien Brock; Chapin, Heman Gerald; Harvey, Richard Selden (1893-01-01). The American Lawyer. Stumpf & Steurer.
- ↑ The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society. Oregon Historical Society. 1910-01-01.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ "1900 – 1959 – Diversity Storywall". storywall.osbar.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ↑ Woo, Elaine (2003-08-14). "Kenji Ito, 94; Attorney Was Found Not Guilty at Spy Trial in 1942". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ↑ "Full text of "Historical papers and addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society"". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ The Pennsylvania Lawyer. Pennsylvania Bar Association. 2003-01-01.
- ↑ Bilder, Mary Sarah (2008-03-31). The Transatlantic Constitution: Colonial Legal Culture and the Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674020948.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Johnson, John W. (2003-12-16). Historic U.S. Court Cases: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781135955946.
- ↑ Fordham, Damon L. (2009-02-01). Voices of Black South Carolina: Legend & Legacy. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781625842992.
- ↑ Muratore, Joseph M. (1999-11-01). Italian-Americans in Rhode Island. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738549408.
- ↑ Robinson, Doane (1904-01-01). History of South Dakota. B. F. Bowen.
- ↑ Jr, J. Clay Smith (1999-01-01). Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812216857.
- ↑ Compton, Brian Patrick (May 2005). "Revised History of Fort Watauga". East Tennessee State University. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
- ↑ Haley, James L. (2013-02-07). The Texas Supreme Court: A Narrative History, 1836–1986. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292748835.
- ↑ "Who Was the First African-American Lawyer in Texas". Texas Lawyer. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
- ↑ Browning, John; Wright, Carolyn (December 2014). "Unsung Heroes: The First African American Lawyers in Texas". Texas Bar Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
- ↑ Cross, Clinton F. (June 2008). "Migratory Streams Part II" (PDF). El Paso Bar Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
- ↑ "First black attorney's disbarment a mystery". DeseretNews.com. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
- ↑ "Utah Minority Bar Association First 50 Event - Utah State Bar". Utah State Bar. 2005-08-06. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ↑ "Archives West: Michael Martinez papers, 1956-2013". archiveswest.orbiscascade.org. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
- ↑ Association, Vermont Bar (1882-01-01). Act of Incorporation, Constitution, Members, and Papers and Addresses Read. Argue and Patriot Steam Book Press.
- ↑ Duffy, John J.; Hand, Samuel B.; Orth, Ralph H. (2003-01-01). The Vermont Encyclopedia. UPNE. ISBN 9781584650867.
- ↑ Association, American Bar (1986-05-01). ABA Journal. American Bar Association.
- ↑ Rouse, Parke (1966-01-01). Virginia: the English heritage in America: the story in text and pictures of Englands̓ first permanent colony in the New World, from its founding in 1607 through the years of its leadership to American nationhood. Hastings House.
- ↑ "History of Washington, Missouri - Chapter II - The Founding of Washington, Missouri". washingtonmo.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ↑ "Robert O. Lee becomes first African American to practice law in Washington in 1889. - HistoryLink.org". www.historylink.org. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
- ↑ "Wheeling History > William P. Hubbard | Ohio County Public Library". www.ohiocountylibrary.org. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ↑ West Virginia History. State Department of Archives and History. 2007-01-01.
- ↑ "Catlin, John, 1803-1874 | Wisconsin Historical Society". www.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ↑ #1843, Silas H. Shepherd Research Lodge (2015-05-11). Pharos IV: Travelers. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781329118850.
- ↑ J.D, Roderick O. Ford (2008-10-15). The Evasion of African American Workers: Critical Thoughts on U.S. Labor & Employment Law and Policy. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462822140.
- ↑ Allan, Esther B. (1973). "HISTORY OF TETON NATIONAL FOREST" (PDF). Retrieved October 10, 2016.
- ↑ Rhoten, Josh. "Who was Wyoming's first black attorney". Wyoming Tribune Eagle. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
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