List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation
The Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation are men and women executed under treason legislation in the English Reformation, between 1534 and 1680, and recognised as martyrs by the Catholic Church.
On 25 February 1570, Pope Pius V's "Regnans in Excelsis" bull excommunicated both the English Queen Elizabeth I and any who obeyed her. This papal bull also required all Catholics to rebel against the English Crown as a matter of faith. In response, in 1571 legislation was enacted making it treasonable to be under the authority of the Pope, including being a Jesuit, being Catholic or harbouring a Catholic priest. The standard penalty for all those convicted of treason at the time was execution by being hanged, drawn and quartered.
In the reign of Pope Gregory XIII (1572–85), authorisation was given for 63 recognised martyrs to have their relics honoured and pictures painted for Roman Catholic devotions. These martyrs were formally beatified by Pope Leo XIII, 54 in 1886 and the remaining nine in 1895. Further groups of martyrs were subsequently documented and proposed by the Catholic bishops of England and Wales, and formally recognised by Rome.[1]
Canonised by Pope Pius XI on 19 May 1935
- John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 22 June 1535
- Thomas More, layman, 6 July 1535
Canonised by Pope Paul VI on 25 October 1970
- John Almond, priest, 1612[2]
- Edmund Arrowsmith, Jesuit priest, 1628
- Ambrose Edward Barlow, Benedictine priest, 10 September 1641[3]
- John Boste, priest, 24 July 1594[4]
- Alexander Briant, Jesuit priest, 1 December 1581
- Edmund Campion, Jesuit priest, 1 December 1581
- Margaret Clitherow, laywoman, 25 March 1586[5]
- Philip Evans, Jesuit priest, 1679
- Thomas Garnet, Jesuit priest, 1608
- Edmund Gennings, priest, 1591
- John Griffith (alias Jones), Franciscan friar, 1598
- Richard Gwyn, layman, 1584
- John Houghton, Prior of the London Charterhouse, 4 May 1535
- Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, layman, 1595
- John Kemble, priest, 1679
- Luke Kirby, priest, 30 May 1582
- Robert Lawrence, Prior of the Beauvale Charterhouse, 4 May 1535[6]
- David Lewis, Jesuit priest, 1679[2]
- Anne Line, laywoman, 1601
- John Lloyd, priest, 1679
- Cuthbert Mayne, priest, 1577
- Henry Morse, Jesuit priest, 1645[2]
- Nicholas Owen, Jesuit lay-brother, 1606
- John Payne, priest, 1582
- Polydore Plasden, priest, 1591[2]
- John Plessington, priest, 1679
- Richard Reynolds, Brigittine monk of Syon Abbey, 4 May 1535[7]
- John Rigby, layman, 1600
- John Roberts, Benedictine priest, 1610
- Alban Bartholomew Roe, Benedictine priest, 1642
- Ralph Sherwin, priest, 1 December 1581
- John Southworth, priest, 1654
- Robert Southwell, Jesuit priest, 1595[2]
- John Stone, Augustinian friar
- John Wall, Franciscan priest, 1679[2]
- Henry Walpole, Jesuit priest, 1595[2]
- Margaret Ward, laywoman, 1588
- Augustine Webster, Prior of the Axholme Charterhouse, 4 May 1535
- Swithin Wells, layman, 1591
- Eustace White, priest, 1591[2]
Beatified 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII
As well as those listed below, John Fisher and Thomas More were beatified on this date, as were the following 11 members of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales - Alexander Briant, Edmund Campion, John Houghton, Luke Kirby, Robert Lawrence, Cuthbert Mayne, John Payne, Richard Reynolds, Ralph Sherwin, John Stone, Augustine Webster - making a total of 54.
- Thomas Abell, priest, 30 July 1540[8]
- Richard Bere, Carthusian monk, 9 August 1537
- Thomas Cottam, Jesuit priest, 30 May 1582
- John Davy, Carthusian, 8 June 1537
- William Exmew, Carthusian monk, 19 June 1535
- Richard Featherstone, Archdeacon, 30 July 1540
- John Felton, layman, 8 August 1570
- William Filby, 30 May 1582
- Thomas Ford, 28 May 1582
- John Forest, Franciscan friar, 22 May 1538
- German Gardiner, layman, 7 March 1544
- Thomas Green, Carthusian, 10 June 1537
- William Greenwood, Carthusian brother, 6 June 1537
- John Haile (or Hale), priest, 4 May 1535
- Everard Hanse, priest, 1581
- William Hart, priest, 1583
- William Horne, Carthusian lay brother, 4 August 1540
- Robert Johnson, priest, 1582
- Thomas Johnson, Carthusian, 20 September 1537
- Richard Kirkman, priest, 1582
- William Lacy (or Lacey), priest, 22 August 1582
- John Larke, priest, 7 March 1544
- Humphrey Middlemore, Carthusian monk, 19 June 1535
- John Nelson, priest, 1577
- Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk, 19 June 1535
- Walter Pierson, Carthusian brother, 10 June 1537
- Thomas Plumtree, priest, 1570 - Chaplain to the Rising of the North
- Margaret Pole, laywoman, 27 May 1541
- Edward Powell, 30 July 1540
- Thomas Redyng, Carthusian, 16 June 1537
- Laurence Richardson (also known as Laurence Johnson[9]), 30 May 1582
- John Rochester, Carthusian monk, 11 May 1537
- Robert Salt, Carthusian brother, 9 June 1537
- Thomas Scryven, Carthusian, 15 June 1537
- John Shert, priest, 1582
- Thomas Sherwood, layman, 1579
- John Storey, Chancellor to Bishop Bonner, 1571 - for high treason (for having supported the Northern Rebellion of 1569 and encouraging the Duke of Alba to invade)
- Richard Thirkeld, priest, 1583
- James Tompson, priest, York, 1582
- James Walworth, Carthusian monk, 11 May 1537
- Thomas Woodhouse, priest, 1573
Beatified 13 May 1895 by Pope Leo XIII
- John Beche, Abbot of Colchester, 1 December 1539[10]
- John Eynon, priest, 14 November 1539
- Hugh Faringdon, Abbot of Reading, 14 November 1539
- Adrian Fortescue, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, 9 July 1539
- Roger James, Benedictine, 15 November 1539
- Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, layman, 1572 - Leader of the Rising of the North
- John Rugg (or Rugge), Benedictine monk, 15 November 1539
- John Thorne, Benedictine monk, 15 November 1539
- Richard Whiting, Abbot of Glastonbury, 15 November 1539
Beatified 15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
As well as those listed below, 29 members of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales were also beatified on that date, making a total of 137.
- Henry Abbot, layman, 4 July 1597
- Thomas Alfield, priest, 6 July 1585[11]
- John Amias, priest, 16 March 1589[12]
- Robert Anderton, priest, 25 April 1586.[13]
- William Andleby, priest, 4 July 1597[14]
- Ralph Ashley, Jesuit priest, 7 April 1607[3]
- Christopher Bales, priest, 4 March 1590 [15]
- Mark Barkworth, Benedictine, 27 February 1601[3]
- William Barrow (Jesuit),[16] alias William Harcourt, 20 June 1679
- James Bell, priest, 1584
- James Bird (or Byrd or Beard), layman, 25 March 1592
- John Bodey, priest, 2 November 1583[17]
- Thomas Bosgrave, layman, 4 July 1594[18]
- William Browne, layman, 1605
- Christopher Buxton, priest, died Canterbury, 1 October 1588[19]
- John Carey, Dublin born lay helper of John Cornelius S.J., 4 July 1594[18]
- Edmund Catheriok, priest, 1642
- James Claxton (Clarkson), priest, 1588
- Edward Colman (or Coleman), layman, 1678
- Ralph Corby, Jesuit, 7 September 1644[3]
- John Cornelius, Jesuit priest, 4 July 1594[18]
- Ralph Crockett, priest, 1 October 1588
- Robert Dalby, priest, York, 16 March 1589[12]
- William Dean, priest, 28 August 1588 [20]
- Francis Dicconson, priest, 1590
- Roger Dicconson, priest, 7 July 1591
- James Duckett, layman, 1601
- John Duckett, priest, 1644
- Gerard Edwards (also known as Edward Campion), 1 October 1588[19]
- Thomas Felton, Franciscan, 1588
- James Fenn, priest, 1584
- John Fenwick, Jesuit priest, 1679[16]
- John Finch, 1584
- William Freeman, priest, 1595[21]
- Edward Fulthrop, layman, 1597
- John Gavan, Jesuit priest, 1679[16]
- Miles Gerard, priest, 1590
- George Gervase, Benedictine, 1608
- David Gonson (or Gunston), layman, 12 July 1541
- Hugh Green, priest, 1642
- John Grove, layman, 1679
- William Gunter, priest, 1588
- William Harrington, priest, 1594
- William Hartley, priest, 1588
- Thomas Hemerford, priest, 1584[2]
- Richard Herst (Hurst), layman, 29 August 1628
- John Hewitt, priest, 1588
- Sydney Hodgson, layman, 10 December 1591
- Thomas Holford, priest, 1588
- Thomas Holland, priest, 12 December 1642[3]
- William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, layman, 29 December 1680
- Laurence Humphreys (or Humphrey), layman, 1591
- John Ingram, priest, 1594[2]
- John Ireland, priest, 7 March 1544[22]
- William Ireland, Jesuit priest, 1679[16]
- Edward James, priest, 1588[2]
- Edward Jones, priest, 1590
- Brian Lacey, layman, 1591
- Richard Langhorne, layman, 1679
- Richard Langley, layman, 1586
- Richard Leigh, priest, 1588[2]
- John Lockwood, priest, 1642[2]
- William Marsden, priest, 25 April 1586[13]
- Richard Martin, layman, 30 August 1588
- John Mason, layman, 1591
- Thomas Maxfield, priest, 1616
- Anthony Middleton, priest, 1590
- Ralph Milner, layman, 7 July 1591
- Hugh More, layman, 28 August 1588
- Robert Morton, priest, 1588[2]
- John Munden, priest, 1584[2]
- George Napper, priest, Oxford, 1610
- John Nutter, priest, 1584
- Edward Oldcorne, Jesuit priest, 1606[2]
- Francis Page, Jesuit, 1602
- William Patenson, priest, 1592
- John Pibush, priest, 1601
- Thomas Pickering, Benedictine, 1679
- Philip Powel, Benedictine, 1646
- Alexander Rawlins, priest, 1595
- Richard (Thomas) Reynolds (alias Green), priest, 1 January 1642[3]
- William Richardson, priest, 1603[3]
- John Robinson, priest, 1588
- John Roche, layman, 1588
- Patrick Salmon, layman, 4 July 1594[18]
- William Scot (Maurus Scott) 1612
- Edward Shelley, 30 August 1588,
- John Slade, layman, 1583
- Richard Smith, (also known as Richard Newport), priest, 1612 [23]
- Thomas Somers, priest, 1610
- John Speed, layman, 4 February 1594
- Edward Stransham, priest, 1586
- Robert Sutton, layman, 5 October 1588
- George Swallowell, layman, 26 July 1594
- Thomas Thwing, priest, 1679[16]
- Thomas Tunstall, priest, 1616
- Anthony Turner, Jesuit, 1679[2]
- Thomas Warcop, layman, 4 July 1597
- William Ward, priest, 1641
- Edward Waterson, priest, 1593
- Robert Watkinson, priest, 1602
- William Way (alias May or Flower), priest, 1588
- Thomas Welbourne, layman, 1 August 1605
- Thomas Whitbread, Jesuit, 1679[16]
- Robert Widmerpool, layman, 1 October 1588[19]
- Robert Wilcox, priest, 1 October 1588[19]
- John Woodcock, Franciscan, 1646
- Peter Wright, Jesuit, 1651
Beatified 22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II
- John Adams, priest, 8 October 1586[24]
- Thomas Atkinson, priest, 1616
- Edward Bamber, priest, 1646[16]
- George Beesley, priest, 5 July 1591[25]
- Arthur Bell, Franciscan priest, 1643[16]
- Thomas Belson, layman, 5 July 1589[26]
- Robert Bickerdike, layman, 23 July 1586
- Alexander Blake, layman, 4 March 1590;[15]
- Marmaduke Bowes, layman, 26 November 1585[27]
- John Bretton, layman, 1 April 1598[28]
- Thomas Bullaker, Franciscan priest, 1642
- Edward Burden, priest, 1588
- Roger Cadwallador, priest, 1610
- William Carter, layman, 11 January 1584[29]
- Alexander Crow, priest, 30 November 1587
- William Davies, priest, 27 July 1593
- Robert Dibdale, priest, 8 October 1586[24]
- George Douglas, priest, 1587
- Robert Drury, priest, 1607
- Edmund Duke, priest, 27 27 May 1590[2]
- George Errington, layman, 1596
- Roger Filcock, priest, 1601
- John Finglow (Fingley), priest, 8 August 1586
- Matthew Flathers, priest, 1608
- Richard Flower, layman, 1588
- Nicholas Garlick, priest, 1588
- William Gibson, layman, 1596
- Ralph Grimston, layman, 1598
- Robert Grissold, layman, 1604
- John Hambley, priest, 1587
- Robert Hardesty, layman, 1589
- George Haydock, priest, 12 February 1584[2]
- Henry Heath, Franciscan priest, 1643
- Richard Hill, priest, 27 May 1590
- John Hogg, priest, 27 May 1590
- Richard Holiday, priest, 27 May 1590
- Nicholas Horner, layman, 4 March 1590
- Thomas Hunt, priest, 1600
- Thurstan Hunt, priest, 1601
- Francis Ingleby, priest, 3 June 1586
- William Knight, layman, 1596
- Joseph Lambton, priest, 24 July 1592[2]
- William Lampley, layman, 1588
- John Lowe, priest, 8 October 1586[24]
- Robert Ludlam, priest, 1588
- Charles Mahoney (alias Meehan), Franciscan priest, 1679
- Robert Middleton, priest, March 1601[2]
- George Nichols, priest, 1589
- John Norton, layman, 1600
- Robert Nutter, priest, 1600
- Edward Osbaldeston, priest, 1594
- Antony Page, priest, 1593
- Thomas Palasor, priest, 1600; beatified 1987
- William Pike, layman, 1591
- Thomas Pilchard, priest, 21 March 1587
- Thomas Pormort, priest, 20 February 1592[2]
- Nicholas Postgate, priest, 1679
- Humphrey Pritchard, layman, 1589
- Christopher Robinson, priest, 1597
- Stephen Rowsham, priest, 1587
- John Sandys, priest, 11 August 1586
- Montford Scott, priest, 1591
- Richard Sergeant, priest, 2 April 1586
- Richard Simpson, priest, 1588
- Peter Snow, priest, 1598
- William Southerne, priest, 1618
- William Spenser, priest, 1589
- Thomas Sprott, priest, 1600
- John Sugar, priest, 1604
- Robert Sutton, priest, 1587
- Edmund Sykes, priest, 23 March 1587
- John Talbot, layman, 1600
- Hugh Taylor, priest, 25 November 1585[27]
- William Thomson, priest, 20 April 1586
- Robert Thorpe, priest, 1591
- John Thulis, priest, 18 Mar 1616[2]
- Edward Thwing, priest, 26 July 1600[2]
- Thomas Watkinson, layman, 31 May 1591[2]
- Henry Webley, 28 August 1588
- Christopher Wharton, priest, 1600
- Thomas Whitaker, priest, 1646[16]
- John Woodcock, Franciscan priest, 7 August 1646[2]
- Nicholas Woodfen, priest, 21 January 1586
- Roger Wrenno, layman, 1616
- Richard Yaxley, priest, 1589
Executed for their faith in England 1534–1680
1534–1547
The Nun of Kent and her companions
- 20 April 1534: Elizabeth Barton, Benedictine nun;
- Edward Bocking, Benedictine;
- John Dering, Benedictine monk;[30]
- Henry Gold, priest;[31]
- Hugh Rich, Franciscan friar;[31]
- Richard Risby, Franciscan friar.[31]
After the pilgrimage of grace and the rising of Lincolnshire
- 1537: George ab Alba Rose, Augustinian
- George Ashby (Asleby), monk;[32]
- Ralph Barnes, monk;
- Laurence Blonham, monk;
- William Burraby, priest;
- James Cockerell, Prior of Gisborough Priory;
- William Coe, monk;
- William Cowper, monk;
- The Lord Darcy de Darcy;
- John Eastgate, monk;
- Richard Eastgate, monk;
- John Francis, monk;
- William Gylham, monk;
- Richard Harrison, Abbot of Jervaulx;
- William Haydock, monk;
- Nicholas Heath, Prior of Lenton;
- John Henmarsh, priest;
- Robert Hobbes, Abbot of Woburn;
- Henry Jenkinson, monk;
- Thomas Kendal, priest;
- Richard Laynton, monk;
- Robert Leeche, layman;
- Hugh Londale, monk;
- Matthew Mackerel, Premonstratensian abbot, titular bishop of Chalcedon;
- James Mallet, priest;
- Thomas Moyne
- John Paslew, Abbot of Whatley;
- John Pickering, Benedictine, prior of York;
- 25 May 1537: John Pickering, priest[33]
- Thomas Redforth, priest;
- 26 May 1537: Adam Sedbar, Abbot of Jervaulx;
- William Swale, monk;
- John Tenant, monk;
- William Thyrsk, Cistercian;[33]
- William Trafford, Abbot of Sawley;
- Richard Wade, monk
Other martyrs
- Anthony Brookby, Franciscan (Venerable) 7 July 1537:[34]
- Thomas Cort, Franciscan (Venerable) 27 July 1538:[34]
- Thomas Belchiam, Franciscan friar (Venerable) 3 August 1538:[34][35]
- John Allen, priest;1538:[36]
- John Collins, priest 1538:
- George Croft, priest 1538:
- Martin Condres, Augustinian monk December 1538:[37]
- Paul of Saint William, Augustinian monk December 1538:[37]
- John Griffith (or Clark), priest, 8 July 1539 (Venerable)
- Friar Waire, Franciscan, 8 July 1539 (Venerable) [33]
- Sir Thomas Dingley, layman, 9 July 1539 (Venerable)
- Edmund Brindholme, priest, 4 August 1540 (Venerable);[38]
- Clement Philpott (or Philpot), layman, 4 August 1540 (Venerable)
- Robert Bird, layman; 4 August 1540:
- William Bird, priest; 4 August 1540:
- Thomas Empson, Benedictine; 4 August 1540:
- William Peterson, priest 1540:
- Thomas Ashby, layman, 19 March 1544 (Venerable)
Decrees of Elizabeth I
During the reign of Mary I, the Papal authority was officially reinstated and many Protestants were martyred.[39] After Elizabeth I's accession to the throne, the Act of Supremacy 1558 was enacted denying Papal authority but it was not until more than a decade later in February 1570 that Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth and any who obeyed her and called on all Catholics to rebel.
In the words of the New Catholic Encyclopedia, 'Without question it was Elizabeth I's intention to supplant the old religion with the new in a bloodless manner. It is significant that there were no martyrs in the first 12 years of her reign, and only five in the years 1570 to 1577.' [40] Of those five, Thomas Plumtree had been chaplain to the insurgents in the Rising of the North, John Felton had published Pope Pius V's Bull Regnans in Excelsis ("reigning on high"), excommunicating Queen Elizabeth, John Story was tried for high treason, for having supported the Rising of the North and encouraging the Duke of Alba to invade, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland had led the Rising of the North and Thomas Woodhouse had declared in a letter to William Cecil that Elizabeth 'for her own great disobedience is most justly deposed'.[41]
The threat of invasion by a Catholic country assisted by English subjects led the Crown to try to stamp out Catholicism with repressive measures.[42] Elizabeth I's government passed anti-Catholic decrees in 1571: forbidding anyone from maintaining the jurisdiction of the pope by word, deed or act; requiring use of the Book of Common Prayer in all cathedrals, churches and chapels, and forbidding criticism of it; forbidding the publication of any bull, writing or instrument of the Holy See (the death penalty was assigned to this); and, prohibiting the importing of Agnus Dei images, crosses, pictures, beads or other things from the Bishop of Rome.
Later laws made the following activities illegal: to draw anyone away from the state religion; non-attendance at a Church of England church; raising children with teachers that were not licensed by an Anglican diocesan bishop; and, attending or celebrating the Catholic Mass.
In 1585 a new decree was issued that made it a crime punishable by death to go overseas to receive the sacrament of Ordination to the Catholic priesthood. Nicholas Devereux (who went by the alias of Nicholas Woodfen) and Edward Barber (see below Edward Stransham) were both put to death in 1586 under this law. William Thompson and Richard Lea (see below Richard Sergeant) were hanged, disembowelled and quartered under the same law. In 1588, eight priests and six laymen at Newgate were condemned and executed under this law.[42]
1570–1603
- William Hambledon, priest, 1585
- James Harrison, priest, 1602 (Venerable)
- Richard Horner, priest, 1598 (Venerable)
- John Nutter, priest, 1584 (Venerable)
- Edward Shelley, 30 August 1588, (Venerable)
- Thomas Tichborne, priest, 1602, (Venerable)[2]
- Thomas Webley, layman, 6 July 1585 (Venerable)[11]
- Richard Williams, priest, 1592 (Venerable)
- John MacMahon, Jesuit priest, 1594
1606–1680
- James Brown, Benedictine, 1645
- Henry Garnet, Jesuit, 1606 'was he killed ex odio fidei, or was he believed to be guilty of the Powder Plot, by merely human misjudgment, not through religious prejudice?'[43]
- Edward Morgan, priest, 1642 (Venerable)[2]
- Brian Tansfield, 1643, (Venerable)[2]
Died in prison
- Thomas Cotesmore, priest, 1584 (Dilati)
- Roger Wakeman, priest, 1584 (Dilati)
- James Lomax, priest, 1584 (Dilati)
- Thomas Crowther, priest, 1585 (Dilati)
- Edward Pole, priest, 1585 (Dilati)
- John Jetter, priest, 1585 (Dilati)
- John Harrison, priest, 1586 (Dilati)
- Gabriel Thimelby, priest, 1587 (Dilati)
- Thomas Wood, priest, before 1588
- Thomas Dyer, Benedictine, c.1618-1630 - his identity 'has not been fully proved'[44]
- Edward Wilkes, priest, 1642 (Dilati)
- Ildephonse Hesketh (alias William Hanson), Benedictine, 1642 (Dilati)
- Thomas Vaughan, priest, probably 1644 (Dilati)
- Richard Bradley, Jesuit, 1645 (Dilati)
- Thomas Blount, priest, probably 1646[16] (Dilati)
- Robert Cox, Benedictine, 1650 (Dilati)
- Edward Mico, Jesuit, 1678, (Venerable)[2]
- Thomas Bedingfeld (also known as Thomas Downes[45][16]
- Francis Nevil, Jesuit, 1679 (Venerable)[16]
- Thomas Jennison, Jesuit, 1679[16] (Dilati)
- William Lloyd, priest, 1679 (Dilati)
- Francis Levison, Franciscan, 1680 (Venerable)
- Richard Birkett, priest, 1680 (Dilati)
- Richard Lacey, Jesuit, 1680 (Dilati)
- William Allison, priest, 1681 (Dilati)
- Edward Turner, Jesuit, 1681 (Dilati)
- Benedict Constable, Benedictine, 1683 (Dilati)
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- ↑ Pullan, Malcolm (2008). The Lives and Times of Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535–1680. Athena Press. pp. xvii–xxii. ISBN 978-1-84748-258-7. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Edward MORGAN SJ". Sanalbano.org. 2016-10-08. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. John Boste". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Margaret Clitherow". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
- ↑ "Lives of the English martyrs : declared blessed by Pope Leo XIII, in 1886 and 1895". Archive.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Blessed Lawrence Richardson". Saints.sqpn.com. 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "Lives of the English martyrs : declared blessed by Pope Leo XIII, in 1886 and 1895". Archive.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Thomas Alfield". Newadvent.org. 1912-07-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 "Catholic Encyclopedia: Ven. John Amias". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Robert Anderton". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. William Andleby". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Christopher Bales". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 T.E. Muir, Stonyhurst, (St Omers Press, Gloucestershire. Second edition, 2006) ISBN 0-9553592-0-1 p.188
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Venerable John Bodey". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 3 4 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. John Cornelius and Companions". Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 3 4 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. William Dean". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ Catholic Online (1912-03-20). "Bl. William Freeman - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Catholic.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bl. German Gardiner". Newadvent.org. 1909-09-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ Bunson, Matthew (2003). Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints, Revised. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 712. ISBN 978-1-93170-975-0. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- 1 2 3 "Catholic Encyclopedia: Ven. John Adams". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. George Beesley". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA:". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Hugh Taylor". Newadvent.org. 1912-07-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. John Britton". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. William Carter". Newadvent.org. 1912-10-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Elizabeth Barton". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 3 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Richard Risby". Newadvent.org. 1912-02-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: George Ashby". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 3 "London Martyrs List.PDF" (PDF). Academic.regis.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 3 "Friaries: The observant friars of Greenwich | British History Online". British-history.ac.uk. 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "The Observant Friar Martyrs of Greenwich". Seattle Catholic. 2005-07-27. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: John Allen". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- 1 2 "A complete history of the British martyrs : from the Roman occupation to Elizabeth's reign". Archive.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Edmund Brindholm". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ The Book of Martyrs (Foxe), Chapter XVI, Wikisource, accessed 1 February 2013
- ↑ "Martyrs of England and Wales" New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. 1967. P 322.
- ↑ Thomas M. McCoog (2004). "Woodhouse, Thomas (d. 1573)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
- 1 2 Chapman, John H. "The Persecution under Elizabeth" Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Old Series Vol. 9 (1881), pp. 21-43. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Thomas Alfield". Newadvent.org. 1912-07-01. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
References
- Pendrill, Colin (2000), The English Reformation 1485-1558, Heinemann.
- Pallen, C.B., Wynne, J.J., eds. (1929), The New Catholic Dictionary, New York: Universal Knowledge Foundation.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Pollen, John Hungerford (1913). "English Confessors and Martyrs (1534–1729)". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
External links
- "English Confessors and Martyrs (1534–1729)". article by Pollen, J.H. in The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909)