Letterhead organization
In American politics, a letterhead organization (or letterhead group) is a public policy or other group lacking substantial active membership. In contrast to other civic organizations, letterhead organizations function through issuance of public letters or other materials using names of notable persons (as on a "letterhead") to inherit their authority, rather than having authority based for example a large number of members.
The term has also been used in other countries, such as Canada,[1] and dates back to before 1921.[2] Before that, the term "paper organization", implying that an organization only existed on paper, was in common use. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in 1876 referred to a proposed Army Corps as a "paper organisation" as not actually composed of men and equipment.[3]
By 1972, the use of such organizations was becoming common. After Nixon's was re-elected president in 1972, anti-McGovern Democrats founded the Coalition for a Democratic Majority (CDM), appointing as its director Penn Kemble. The CDM's letterhead listed "House Speaker-to-be Tom Foley, Ambassador-to-be Jeane Kirkpatrick, civil rights leaders Bayard Rustin, Velma and Norman Hill, the "boss"of Montgomery County Democratic politics Dick Schifter, Ambassador-to-be Peter Rosenblatt and Arms-Control Negotiator-to-be Max Kampelman"; the new organization placed full-page advertisements in The New York Times and The Washington Post. An initial contributor to the CDM was the Committee on Political Education of the AFL-CIO. "Letterhead organizations, I realized, could get ink for a point of view, and influence policy", wrote Ben Wattenberg in discussing Kemble and CDM. Later, Kemble used a similar strategy in founding the Institute for Religion and Democracy and other letterhead organizations.[4]
Pejorative use
The term "letterhead organization" has been used as a pejorative, to stress the small scale of the group or its alleged influence by virtue of its "letterhead members" rather than by its own activities. Some letterhead organizations have been alleged to have motivated by more by fundraising than by influencing policy or informing the public.
Size compared with think tanks
A think tank generally has a substantial number of employees and supporters actively involved. Such groups may produce peer-reviewed and other journals, news releases, position papers, conferences, and the like.
List of groups sometimes labeled as "letterhead organizations"
The following groups have been termed "letterhead organizations" by the reference (cited parenthetically):
- State chapters of The Moral Majority (Reichley)
- Project for a New American Century "The PNAC had a staff of only five. That did not matter: its purpose was to write embarrassing letters to important people. Its letter to President Clinton in February 1998 (signed by Wolfowitz, Rumsfeld, and Fukuyama), calling for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, helped to bring about the Iraq Liberation Act... Ten years later, it is now a ‘letterhead’ organization, and functionally dead." (High, p. 488) [5]
- Christians Concerned for Israel (later National Christian Leadership Conference for Israel) [6]
- American Judicature Society [7]
- Social Unit Institute[8]
- National Defense Committee[9]
References
- Brandon High. "The Recent Historiography of American Neoconservatism". The Historical Journal Vol. 52, No. 2 (Jun., 2009), pp. 475–491 JSTOR
- McQuaid, Kim. "The corporate counterattack: Fighting for the levers of power (II)." Antitrust L. & Econ. Rev. 17 (1985): 61.
- Reichley, A. James. "Religion and the future of American politics." Political Science Quarterly (1986): 23-47.
- ↑ Village Politics and the Mafia in Sicily Filippo Sabetti; McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, Nov 14, 2002, (usage in Canada about Italian groups) pages 118, 172
- ↑ Department of Public Welfare: Hearing Before the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Sixty-Seventh Congress, First Session, on S. 408, a Bill to Establish a Department of Social Welfare United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor; U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921 ; page 42 "Does that cover the civic associations of Chicago, or is it just a letterhead organization?"
- ↑ Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Volume 119 William Blackwood, 1876
- ↑ Passing of a patriot The Washington Times, October 22, 2005; by Ben Wattenberg
- ↑ The Road to Iraq: The Making of a Neoconservative War Muhammad Idrees Ahmad; Oxford University Press, Jun 30, 2014; page 95 "PNAC, a letterhead organisation operating out of the AEI offices"
- ↑ Christian Attitudes towards the State of Israel Paul Charles Merkley; McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, Jun 14, 2001; page 180
- ↑ The Oxford Companion to American Law Kermit L. Hall, David S. Clark; Oxford University Press, May 2, 2002 ; page 24 "In 1928, AJS reorganized into what was essentially a letterhead organization, nominally headed by prominent figures ..."
- ↑ The Organic City: Urban Definition and Neighborhood Organization 1880--1920 Patricia Mooney Melvin; University Press of Kentucky, Feb 5, 2015; page 166 "By the beginning of the 1950s, it was no more than a letterhead organization."
- ↑ American Communism and Soviet Russia Theodore Draper; Transaction Publishers; page 175; "It was primarily a letterhead organization, and all five members of the committee were well-known Communists".
Further reading
- J. M. Berry. 1977. Lobbying for the People. Princeton UP. ISBN 9780691611778 (Cited by Salisbury, pp. 66–67 and in reprint as p. 40)
- Robert H. Salisbury (1984). "Interest Representation: The Dominance of Institutions". American Political Science Review, 78, pp 64–76. doi:10.2307/1961249. JSTOR pp. 66–67.
- Reprinted as Chapter 2 in Robert H. Salisbury. Interests and Institutions: Substance and Structure in American Politics. Pitt series in policy and institutional studies, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992 ISBN 0822976889, 9780822976882. "the organization that is nothing more than a letterhead, lacking membership altogether. Interest groups to which nobody belongs and which do not even provide for the possibility of membership are quite common among public interest groups, as Berry (1977) has shown." (page 40)