Lancaster PA278 disappearance

Lancaster PA278 disappearance
A Lancaster bomber in flight
Type	Avro Lancaster
Serial	PA278
Owners and operators	Royal Air Force
In service	1945
Fate	Lost on 4 October 1945.

The Lancaster PA278 disappearance involved Avro Lancaster Mk.I PA278, "F for Freddie", operated by No. 103 Squadron RAF (103 Sqn) of Bomber Command just after the end of the Second World War.

It disappeared over the Mediterranean, probably near Corsica, on 4 October 1945 with its crew of 6 airmen and 19 female service personnel - the worst loss of female British and Commonwealth service personnel from the Second World War II to date.^[1][2]

The Lancaster

PA278 was one of a batch of 265 Lancasters built by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd at its Broughton factory near Chester between June 1944 and September 1945. On completion it was assigned to 103 Sqn of Bomber Command and flew operationally on a number of bombing attacks in March and April 1945.^[3][4]

Operation Dodge

From 3 August 1945 103 Sqn was one of the heavy bombers squadrons participating in Operation Dodge in which veteran soldiers of the Eighth Army were flown home from Italy and the Central Mediterranean. An embarkation centre was established at Bari airfield, on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy. An airfield at Naples, Italy was also used for geographic convenience.^[5][6]

It was a six-hour flight back to England and normally a maximum of 22 soldiers would be transported home as the internal confines of a Lancaster were not really suitable for passengers. Often the return trip to Italy saw aircraft transporting essential members of services out to Italy.^[7]

103 Sqn usually despatched between six and ten aircraft for Operation Dodge several days each week, the aircraft and crews would stop overnight in Italy and return with their passengers the following day or the day after that. Most of the trips were uneventful although squadron records do show that Warrant Officer Francis flying Lancaster "B for Baker" and Flying Officer Leigh flying "G for George" both had to land at Marseille in France due to engine failure, on 19 August 1945 and 5 September 1945 respectively.

Disappearance

A Lancaster in flight.

On 3 October 1945 the weather was poor and low cloud base precluded flying for much of the day. Eight Lancasters of 103 Sqn were available for "Operation Dodge" and took off for Italy starting at 23:30 hours GMT. Two aircraft returned with engine trouble, one crew borrowed an aircraft from No. 100 Squadron RAF and took off again at 01:30 hours GMT. Two aircraft, including PA278 "F for Freddie", landed at RAF Glatton near Huntingdon to embark passengers who were commencing service in Italy or were returning from leave.^[8][9]

PA278 was flown by Geoffrey Taylor's experienced crew who had flown together on some of the last bombing attacks of World War II during April 1945, although obviously their bomb aimer was not required and on this occasion the rear gun turret was manned by the squadron gunnery leader Flight Lieutenant John Wymark,^[10] who had been decorated with the Distinguished Service Order^[11] and Distinguished Flying Cross for his bravery in three tours of duty.^[12]

PA278 took off from RAF Glatton at 00:30 hours GMT on 4 October 1945 flown by Flight lieutenant Geoffrey Taylor,^[13] (pilot) aided by Sergeant Richard Steel,^[14][15] (flight engineer) leading the second transport aircraft into the air. It carried its crew of six and was scheduled fly to Naples with 17 female soldiers of the Auxiliary Territorial Service under Staff Serjeant Jessie Ellen Semark,^[16] Senior Matron Gertrude Irene Sadler of the South African Military Nursing Service^[17] and Nursing Sister Jane Simpson Annand Curran,^[18] of Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service.^[19]

The passengers sat in canvas folding seats down the length of the fuselage beneath where Sergeant William Kennedy,^[20] sat in his sling seat in the "Mid-Upper" gun turret, but no heating or parachutes were available for them and there was no oxygen supply for passengers so the aircraft flew at 2,000 ft (610 m).^[21]

The prescribed route was directly across France and over the Mediterranean coast west of Marseille. Flight Sergeant Jack Reardon,^[22] (navigator) gave the correct course out over the sea but sometime afterwards, approximately 30 miles north-north-west of Cap Corse, Corsica, Flight Sergeant Norman Robbins,^[23] (wireless operator) radioed the other aircraft reporting some engine problems and advising that "F for Freddie" would be turning back to land at Marseille. The partner aircraft continued onwards for Naples but noted a flash of flame at 04:40 hours GMT.^[24]

Nothing further was heard of PA278 or her crew and passengers and no wreckage was sighted during the air-sea rescue operations. On the outward flight every aircraft reported poor weather in the vicinity of Corsica.^[25]

Aircrew and passengers

Name	Rank	Nation	Age	Status	Number	Unit	Commemorated
Geoffrey Taylor	Flight lieutenant	UK	24	Pilot	189687	No. 103 Squadron RAF	Runnymede Memorial
Jack Anthony Reardon	Flight Sergeant	UK		Navigator	1626816	No. 103 Squadron RAF	Runnymede Memorial
Norman Reginald Robbins	Flight Sergeant	UK	20	Wireless Operator	1894110	No. 103 Squadron RAF	Runnymede Memorial
Richard George Steel	Sergeant	UK	20	Flight Engineer	1818104	No. 103 Squadron RAF	Runnymede Memorial
William John Kennedy	Sergeant	UK		Mid-Upper Gunner	2208930	No. 103 Squadron RAF	Runnymede Memorial
John Percy Whymark DSO DFC	Flight lieutenant	UK	25	Rear Gunner	53481	No. 103 Squadron RAF	Runnymede Memorial
Gertrude Irene Sadler	Senior Matron	RSA	41	Passenger	254580	S A Military Nursing Service	Cassino Memorial
Jane Simpson A Curran	Nursing Sister	UK		Passenger	236425	QAIMNS	Brookwood Memorial
Jessie Ellen Semark[26]	Staff Serjeant	UK	29	Passenger	W/7326	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Heather Cosens	Corporal	UK	25	Passenger	W/184715	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Jill Goring	Corporal	UK	23	Passenger	W/237256	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Williamina Allan	Lance Corporal	UK	37	Passenger	W/23244	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Sheila MacLeod	Lance Corporal	UK		Passenger	W/170036	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
May Eleanor Mann	Lance Corporal	UK	23	Passenger	W/236937	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Enid Dacia Rice	Lance Corporal	UK	24	Passenger	W/144264	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Stefahia Courtman	Private	BMP		Passenger	W/Pal/203386	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Phyllis Kathleen Bacon	Private	UK	34	Passenger	W/77415	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Barbara Diana Cullen[27]	Private	UK	30	Passenger	W/252761	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Agnes Edwards	Private	UK	28	Passenger	W/258692	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Rhoda Alice Fraser	Private	UK	24	Passenger	W/155271	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Bessie Goodman	Private	UK	25	Passenger	W/143732	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Joan Larkin	Private	UK	25	Passenger	W/154454	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Alice Lillyman	Private	UK	22	Passenger	W/74459	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Betty Evelyn Precious	Private	UK	24	Passenger	W/147946	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial
Marion Taylor	Private	UK	22	Passenger	W/99752	Auxiliary Territorial Service	Brookwood Memorial

News blackout

Due to the large number of female service personnel lost in the disappearance of PA278 "F for Freddie" a widely repeated story is that the news was not released to the press until March 1946,^[28] although this is incorrect as on 17 November 1945 it was being reported widely in local newspapers in the UK.^[29]

See also

• List of fatal accidents and incidents involving Royal Air Force aircraft from 1945
• Operation Exodus (WWII operation)

References

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to No. 103 Squadron RAF.

• Squadron history on MOD site
• Squadron histories for nos. 101-105 sqn on RafWeb's Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation