Kate Warne

Kate Warne (1833-January 28, 1868)^[1] She was the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the first, female detective in the United States.

Early life

Kate Warne was born in Erin, Chemung County, New York.

Pre–Civil War

Early detective work: 1856-1861

Very little is known, about Kate Warne, except, that prior to her working for Allan Pinkerton, she became a young widow, at the age of 23, shortly after she married. Pinkerton, in his book, The Spy of the Rebellion: Being a True History of the Spy System of the United States Army During the Late Rebellion... described her as:

"[a] commanding person, with clear cut, expressive features...a slender, brown-haired woman, graceful in her movements and self-possessed. Her features, although not what could be called handsome [beautiful], were decidedly of an intellectual cast... her face was honest, which would cause one in distress instinctly [sic] to select her as a confidante."

Kate Warne walked, into the Pinkerton Detective Agency, in response to an advertisement, in a local newspaper. When she walked into Pinkerton's Chicago office, according to Pinkerton company records, he further described her acquaintence:

"[he] was surprised to learn Kate was not looking for clerical work, but was actually answering an advertisement for detectives he had placed in a Chicago newspaper. At the time, such a concept was almost unheard of. Pinkerton said " It is not the custom to employ women detectives!" Kate argued her point of view eloquently - pointing out that women could be "most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective." A Woman would be able to befriend the wives and girlfriends of suspected criminals and gain their confidence. Men become braggarts when they are around women who encourage them to boast. Kate also noted, Women have an eye for detail and are excellent observers."^[2]

Kate Warne's arguments swayed Pinkerton, who employed Warne, as the first female detective.^[3] Pinkerton soon had a chance to put Warne to the test. In 1858, Warne was involved in the case, of Adams Express Company embezzlements, where she was successfully able to bring herself into the confidence, of the wife, of the prime suspect, Mr. Maroney. She thereby acquired the valuable evidence leading to the husband's conviction.^[4] Mr. Maroney was an expressman living in Montgomery, Alabama. The Maroneys stole $50,000 from the Adams Express Company. With Warne’s help, $39,515 was returned. Mr. Maroney was convicted and sentenced to ten years, in Montgomery, Alabama.

In 1860, Allan Pinkerton, put Warne in charge of his new Female Detective Bureau.

The Baltimore Plot

In 1861, Allan Pinkerton was secured, by Samuel H. Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, to investigate secessionist activity, in Maryland. Felton believed that threats of damage to the railroad by "roughs and secessionists of Maryland." Pinkerton soon was at work, placing agents at various points in Maryland to investigate the possibility of damage to the railroad. As the information came forth, Pinkerton became increasingly aware, that the activity, in Maryland, did not just end with the railroad, but included the president-elect, Abraham Lincoln. Pinkerton received permission, to continue his investigation and focus on the possible assassination plot.

As part of Pinkerton's team, at the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, Kate Warne was one of five agents sent to Baltimore, Maryland, on February 3, 1861, to investigate the hotbed of secessionist activity occurring just months prior to the inauguration of Lincoln^[5] (see also Maryland in the Civil War). During the investigation, evidence supported attacks on the railroads and also unveiled the plot to assassinate Lincoln on his way to take office. The secessionist feeling in Baltimore was that if Lincoln came through the city that he would leave in a casket. Under the aliases Mrs. Cherry and Mrs. M. Barley (M.B.), Warne tracked suspicious movement among the Baltimore secessionists.^[6] It was in part through her undercover work in the guise of:

"a rich southern lady visiting Baltimore with a thick southern accent that apparently Mrs. Warne infiltrated secessionist social gatherings, in the Baltimore area, places such as the classy Barnum Hotel posing as a flirting "Southern belle" and was quick to not only verify that there was a plot to assassinate Lincoln, she developed details of how the assassination was going to occur."^[7]

Pinkerton had agents across Maryland and details kept unraveling. However, it was Warne specifically who supplied many key details and Pinkerton believed the plot was imminent. Warne had befriended secessionists in Maryland and collected many details in the plot to assassinate Lincoln.

The president-elect, Abraham Lincoln was traveling, from his home, Springfield, Illinois, to the Capital, via a train tour, that was to stop, at notable cities, along the way. His published program showed, that Lincoln's last leg of the journey was from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C. Due to the configuration of the train's system, all southbound trains required a transfer to be made in Baltimore, Maryland. The northbound station ended at Calvert Street and the southbound train station started at Camden Street (now the Camden Yards station). The distance between these two stations were about a mile by carriage ride.^[8] The secessionist plot to kill Lincoln was:

"just as Mr. Lincoln would be passing through the narrow vestibule of the Depot at Calvert St. Station, to enter his carriage. A row or fight was to be got up by some outsiders to quell which the few policemen at the Depot would rush out, thus leaving Mr. Lincoln entirely unprotected and at the mercy of a mob of Secessionists who were to surround him at that time. A small Steamer had been chartered and was lying in one of the Bays or little streams running into the Chesapeake Bay, to which the murderers were to flee and it was immediately to put off for Virginia."^[8]

After seeing the pieces, of the plot coming together, Pinkerton requested, of Kate Warne, on the morning of February 18, to take the 5:10 evening train to New York City. Once there, she was to set up a meeting with Norman B. Judd and place into his confidence a letter from Pinkerton stating all the hereto discovered details of the assassination attempt. After Warne supplied details of the Baltimore Plot to Judd, Judd set up a meeting between himself, Pinkerton and Lincoln on February 21.^[9] At this meeting, Lincoln was doubtful about an assassination plot, or that if such a plot existed that it should be taken seriously.

However, a second independent source confirmed the plot, by way of Frederick W. Seward, son of William H. Seward (the secretary of state–designate).^[3] From this point, Lincoln agreed that the assassination plot was plausible enough to take action. Lincoln decided to avoid hazard where it was not necessary, however he refused to cancel any of his scheduled plans in Harrisburg. His agenda included giving three speeches, the raising of the American flag, at Independence Hall, and attending a high-profile dinner.^[10] Accordingly, they made train arrangements that allowed Lincoln to fulfill his scheduled duties in Harrisburg. It was not until 5:45 that night that there was any deviation from his schedule. John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, interrupted the dinner party to excuse the president-elect. Lincoln then changed into a traveling suit, a soft felt cap and carried a shawl upon one arm to play the role of an invalid.^[11] Pinkerton, meanwhile, had the telegraph lines interrupted to prevent any knowledge of the deviation in Lincoln's schedule. At the station, Warne entered the sleeping car through the rear along with Pinkerton, Ward Hill Lamon, and a still-disguised Lincoln. She greeted Lincoln loudly as she would have a true brother.

From Harrisburg, Abraham Lincoln rode to Philadelphia by a special Pennsylvania Railroad train. From Philadelphia he went to Baltimore by a special Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore train on the night of February 22–23.^[12] It is said that Kate Warne did not sleep a wink on the overnight trip from Pennsylvania to Washington D.C. The disguises provided by Warne that night enabled Lincoln to make it through Baltimore without recognition and take his seat in the White House. It is believed that Pinkerton came up with the slogan to his agency "we never sleep" as a result of Warne's guard of Lincoln that night. Warne was a key player in the foiled Baltimore assassination plot. Not only did she help to uncover details of the planned plot, but she also carried out most of the arrangements to smuggle Lincoln into Washington, D.C. She couriered secret information and set up meetings as well as securing the necessary four berths on a train leaving Philadelphia under the pretext that these berths were for her sick brother and family members.^[8] The train pulled out shortly before 11 p.m. and arrived in Baltimore about 3:30 a.m. on February 23. Warne remained in Baltimore as the sleeping cars with Lincoln on board were shifted to another train, which arrived in Washington around 6 a.m.^[13]

Civil War: Intelligence work for the Union, 1861–1865

During the American Civil War, Kate Warne traveled, with her boss, Allan Pinkerton, to meet with General George B. McClellan's Ohio Division. This photo shows Pinkerton and President Lincoln, at the Battle of Antietam, circa 1862.

During the American Civil War, Allan Pinkerton and Kate Warne were used, as a covert, war intelligence-gathering, bureau. Warne could easily penetrate, into Southern social gatherings.She said, that women are most useful in worming out secrets in many places, which would be impossible for a male detective. Believed to be a mistress of Pinkerton, Warne would often pose, as Pinkerton's wife while undercover. She also, had an assortment of alias names: Kay Warne, Kay Waren, Kay Warren, Kate Warne, Kate Waren, Kate Warren, Kitty Warne, Kitty Waren, Kitty Warren, Kittie Waren, Kittie Warne, and Kittie Warren. Warne was known as "Kitty", to Robert Pinkerton, Allan's brother. Robert Pinkerton often argued, with Warne, over expenses turned over to the agency, but her relationship, with Allan, continued for years.

After the quelled assassination attempt, on president-elect Abraham Lincoln, Kate Warne continued to travel, with Allan Pinkerton, as his Female Superintendent of Detectives. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate States of America's cannons, in Charleston, began firing on Fort Sumter. These cannon shells marked the beginning of the American Civil War. Within nine days, Pinkerton wrote to President Lincoln offering the services of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. However, before Lincoln could respond, Major General George B. McClellan asked Pinkerton to set up a military intelligence service for McClellan's command.^[14] Therefore, by the end of July 1861, Pinkerton took Warne, Timothy Webster, and later George Bangs west to set up a headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, to follow McClellan's Ohio division (see also Cincinnati in the Civil War).^[15]

Post-Civil War: Continued espionage, 1865–1867

After the Civil War, Kate Warne worked on various high-profile cases. One of these involved the murder of a bank-teller, George Gordon, in Atkinson, Mississippi. The murderer got away with $130,000. Pinkerton determined that Gordon was fetching money for a friend or someone who frequented the bank when he was struck on the head behind the ear with a hammer with intent to murder any witnesses of the robbery. Through his investigation, Pinkerton felt certain that his prime suspect, Alexander P. Drysdale, had in fact killed Gordon. However, at this point he did not have enough hard evidence to convict Drysdale; too much was still based on speculation. Therefore, he set a trap for Drysdale so that he would reveal a confession. Warne was sent under cover as a Mrs. Potter and became close friends with Mr. Drysdale's wife. Through this plot, they were able to uncover where Drysdale had hidden the stolen money.

Another case for, which Kate Warne went undercover was, that brought about by a Captain Sumner, who was convinced that both his sister, Mrs. Annie Thayer and a Mr. Pattmore were attempting to poison Mrs. Pattmore and himself. Warne took the name Lucille and took on the role of a fortune teller to lure information out of the suspected murderer's confidants. In the meantime, she also continually coordinated Pinkerton's other female detectives in the agency. Pinkerton rented a space for Warne to work as part of her guise.

Allan Pinkerton named Kate Warne one of the five best detectives, that he had. Her employment by Pinkerton was a significant moment in woman's history. Women were not allowed to be a part of the police force until 1891 and could not be detectives until 1903.

Pinkerton specifically thanked Kate Warne and Timothy Webster, in his memoirs. Both Warne and Webster were key operatives, during the Baltimore Plot investigations. Warne reported back to Pinkerton about all her work, when he was away from the office and they worked together, on numerous cases, during their tenure. Pinkerton constantly showed a deep trust in the work that Warne performed and acknowledges so in his memoirs. She was in charge of the Female Detective Bureau, established by Pinkerton. Her title was Supervisor of Women Agents. Pinkerton said to his female prospective agents:

"In my service you will serve your country better than on the field. I have several female operatives. If you agree to come aboard you will go in training with the head of my female detectives, Kate Warne. She has never let me down.^[16]

Ill health and death

Kate Warne did not survive long, after the Civil War. She suddenly caught pneumonia, on New Year's Day, 1868, and died, on January 28, with Allan Pinkerton, at her bedside. She was buried, January 30, 1868, in the Pinkerton Family Plot, at Graceland Cemetery, in Chicago Illinois.^[1] Her gravestone is marked, in the cemetery, under the misspelled surname of "Warn";^[17] and states, that she died of "congestion of the lungs", now known as pulmonary edema.

See also

• American Civil War spies
• Hattie Lawton
• Timothy Webster

References

Further reading

• Stashower, David, 2013. The Hour of Peril:The Secret Plot to Murder Lincoln before the Civil War, Minotaur Books, New York. ISBN 9780312600228.
• Hannigan, Kate, 2015. The Detective's Assistant, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, New York. ISBN 9780316403511. Historical fiction based on the cases of Kate Warne.
• Pinkerton, Allan (1900). The Somnambulist and the Detective: The Murderer and the Fortune Teller. Dillingham. Retrieved 2015-04-26. 
• Pinkerton, Allan (1885). The Spy of the Rebellion: Being a True History of the Spy System of the United States Army During the Late Rebellion. Revealing Many Secrets of the War Hitherto Not Made Public. Compiled from Official Reports Prepared for President Lincoln, General McClellan and the Provost-Marshal-General. M.A. Winter & Company, Publishers. Retrieved 2015-04-26. 
• Crowdy, Terry (2006). The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage. Osprey Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 9781841769332. Retrieved 2015-04-26. 
• Kate Warne at Find a Grave