Jewish population by country

For historical figures, see Historical Jewish population comparisons. For different regions, see Judaism by country and Jewish ethnic divisions.
Jewish population by country (2013)

The world's core Jewish population in early 2015 was estimated at 14.31 million people (around 70% of the world's "enlarged" Jewish population).[1][2][3]

Demographer Sergio DellaPergola proposed an "extended" Jewish population, including people identifying as partly Jewish and non-Jews with Jewish parents, that numbers 17.3 million globally. His "enlarged" Jewish population figure further includes non-Jewish members of Jewish households and totals 20.2 million. Finally, the total number of people who hold or are eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return — defined as anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent, and who does not actively profess any other religion — is estimated at around 23 million, of which 6.6 million are currently living in Israel. Figures for these expanded categories are naturally less precise than for the core Jewish population.[3]

While dozens of countries host at least a small Jewish population, the community is concentrated in a handful: Israel and the United States account for 83% of the Jewish population, while a total of 17 countries host 98%.[3]

With just over 6 million Jews, Israel is the only Jewish majority and explicitly Jewish state. Jewish population figures for the United States are contested, ranging between 5.7 and 6.8 million.[4] (The core global total of Jews jumps above 15 million if the highest American estimates are assumed). Other countries with a significant Jewish population are, like Israel and the US, typically well-developed OECD members with Jews concentrated in major urban centers.[3]

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 17 million (0.8% of the global population). Due to the Holocaust, the number was reduced to 11 million in 1945.[5][6][7] The population grew again to around 13 million by the 1970s, and then recorded near-zero growth until around 2005 due to low fertility rates and to assimilation. Since 2005, the world's Jewish population grew modestly at a rate of around 0.78% (to 2013). This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of Haredi and some Orthodox sectors, who are becoming a growing proportion of Jews.[8]

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in countries of the diaspora. The Jewish population of Israel has increased more than tenfold since the country's inception in 1948 to 6,217,400 today[9] while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.[3] Current Israeli Jewish demographics are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.[10] The overall growth rate of this group is 1.7% annually.[11] The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.[3]

Immigration trends also favor Israel ahead of diaspora countries. The Jewish state has a positive immigration balance (referred to as aliyah in the country). Israel saw its Jewish numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s[12] and immigration growth has been steady in the low tens of thousands since then.[13] Globally, only the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany have shown a positive recent Jewish migration balance outside of Israel. In general, the anglosphere has seen its share of the diaspora increase since the Holocaust and the foundation of Israel, while historic Jewish populations in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East have significantly declined or disappeared.[14] France continues to be home to the world's third largest Jewish community, between 500,000 and 600,000 people,[15][16] but has shown an increasingly negative trend, including the largest emigration loss to Israel in 2014.[17]

Debate over American numbers

The exact number of Jews in the United States has been the subject of much debate given questions over counting methodology. In 2012, Sheskin and Dashefsky put forward a figure of 6.72 million based on a mixture of local surveys, informed local estimates, and US census data. They qualified this, however, with a concern over double counting and suggested the real figure may lie between 6 and 6.4 million.[18] Drawing on the work, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute released their own estimate of 6.8 million Jews in the United States in 2013.[19] All of these figures stand in contrast to Israeli demographer Sergio DellaPergola's number of 5,425,000 also in 2012.[4] He has called high estimates “implausible” and “unreliable” although he did revise the American Jewish number upward to 5.7 million in 2014.[2][4] This latest furor follows a similar debate in 2001 when the National Jewish Population Survey released a Jewish American estimate as low as 5.2 million only to have serious methodological errors suggested in their survey.[4] In sum, a confidence interval of a million or more people is likely to persist in reporting on the number of Jewish Americans.

Countries and territories

Below is a list of Jewish populations in the world by country or territory. Unless otherwise indicated, core and enlarged population numbers are taken from DellaPergola's chapter "World Jewish Population" of the American Jewish Year Book of 2014.[2] Where other credible sources present competing numbers these are presented with a range and citation. DellaPergola's population figures are primarily based on national censuses combined with trend analysis. Regarding definitions, he has described the "core Jewish population" in the diaspora as "all persons who, when asked in a socio-demographic survey, identify themselves as Jews; or who are identified as Jews by a respondent in the same household, and do not have another monotheistic religion."[2]

The American Jewish Year Book numbers are reproduced with explanatory notes by country in the online Jewish Virtual Library.[20] The library is a comprehensive non-governmental website covering topics about U.S.-Israel relations and the Jewish people. A number of tiny countries whose Jewish populations are not listed in DellaPergola are provided here from the Virtual Library. For European countries, further information is provided by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, including an interactive map of core and enlarged Jewish population that generally corresponds to DellaPergola's figures.[21]

Country populations used to deduce the "Population per Jew" column in the table are taken from the CIA World Factbook, with most estimates current as of July 2014.[22]

Table

Country or Territory Core Jewish Population Population per Jewish Person Enlarged Jewish Population
World14,200,00050520,000,000
Israel Israel[lower-alpha 1]6,399,000[23]1.326,451,000
United States United States 5,300,000[19] - 7,039,000[24]537,282,000
France France 465,000139600,000
Canada Canada 385,00090550,000
United Kingdom United Kingdom 269,568220370,000
Russia Russia 186,000766500,000
Argentina Argentina 181,300 - 230,000[25] 238330,000
Germany Germany 99,695686250,000
Australia Australia 112,500213135,000
Brazil Brazil 95,000 [26]2,133150,000
South Africa South Africa 70,00069180,000 - 92,000[27]
Ukraine Ukraine 63,000703400,000
Hungary Hungary 47,900207150,000
Mexico Mexico 40,000 - 67,476[28]3,00750,000 - 67,476
Spain Spain 30,00090050,000[29][30][31]
Belgium Belgium 30,00034840,000
Netherlands Netherlands 29,90056345,000
Italy Italy 28,0002,17145,000[32][33] [34]
Poland Poland[lower-alpha 2]3,200[38]5,125200,000[37]
Switzerland Switzerland 19,00042425,000
Chile Chile 18,50093925,000
Turkey Turkey 17,2004,80121,000
Sweden Sweden 15,00064820,000
Uruguay Uruguay 12,000[39] - 17,200 27825,000
Belarus Belarus 11,50083525,000
Panama Panama 10,00036111,000
Romania Romania 9,4002,31220,000
Austria Austria 9,00091420,000
Iran Iran 8,756[40]9,18612,000
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 9,100[41]1,11316,000
Venezuela Venezuela 8,0003,60812,000
New Zealand New Zealand 6,867[42]65510,000[43]
Denmark Denmark 6,4008708,500
Morocco Morocco 6,000[44] 13,7456,500
Latvia Latvia 5,60038712,000
Hong Kong Hong Kong 5,000[45] 1,4225,000
India India 5,000247,2697,000
Greece Greece 4,5002,3986,000
Colombia Colombia 4,50010,2775,200
Czech Republic Czech Republic 3,9002,72515,000
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 3,8007,6138,000
Moldova Moldova 3,7009687,500
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 3,1005,7906,500
Lithuania Lithuania 2,9001,2096,500
Georgia (country) Georgia 2,8001,7636,000
Slovakia Slovakia 2,6002,0934,500
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2,5001,9023,000
China China 2,500542,2773,000
Bulgaria Bulgaria 2,0003,4626,000
Estonia Estonia 2,0006293,400
Peru Peru 1,90015,8673,000
Croatia Croatia 1,7002,6293,000
Republic of Ireland Ireland 1,6003,0202,400
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 1,5002,4312,500
Uganda Uganda 1,500 [46]23,0892,500
Serbia Serbia 1,4005,1492,800
Finland Finland 1,3004,0521,800
Norway Norway 1,3003,9602,000
Japan Japan 1,000127,1031,400
Paraguay Paraguay 900 - 1,000[47]7,4481,500
Guatemala Guatemala 90016,2741,500
Tunisia Tunisia 90012,1531,100
Ecuador Ecuador 29026,090300
Luxembourg Luxembourg 600867900
Portugal Portugal 60018,0221,000
Gibraltar Gibraltar 60048800
Cuba Cuba 50022,0941,500
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands 500208700
Bolivia Bolivia 50021,262900
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 5007,7421,000
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 50011,2081,000
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 40034,430600
Armenia Armenia 300 - 500[48] 10,200300 - 500
The Bahamas Bahamas 3001,070400
Singapore Singapore 30018,557500
Vietnam Vietnam 300[49] 311,403300
Kenya Kenya 300150,033700
Pakistan Pakistan 200[50] - 1500[51]980,8701500
Lebanon Lebanon 200[52][53] 29,415200
Jamaica Jamaica 20014,650400
Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles 2001,525400
Suriname Suriname 2002,865400
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 20025,860400
Thailand Thailand 200338,705300
French Polynesia French Polynesia 120[54] 1,533 120
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 10020,910200
Philippines Philippines 1001,076,680200
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 100103,497200
El Salvador El Salvador 10061,255200
Cyprus Cyprus 10011,724200
Malta Malta 1004,126200
Slovenia Slovenia 10019,882200
South Korea South Korea 100490,400200
Taiwan Taiwan 100233,600200
Ethiopia Ethiopia 100966,3341,000
Botswana Botswana 10021,558200
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo 100774,337200
Namibia Namibia 10021,984200
Nigeria Nigeria 1001,771,558200
Yemen Yemen 40[55] - 50 289,467300
Martinique Martinique 90[56] 4,28990
Fiji Fiji 60[57]15,05060
New Caledonia New Caledonia 50[58] 5,34050
Albania Albania 40 - 50[59] 75,50040 - 50
Egypt Egypt 40 - 50[60] 1,800,00040 - 50
Bahrain Bahrain 36[61]36,50036

Enlarged Jewish population

According to the Jewish Data Bank[62] the 10 countries as of 2013 with the largest enlarged Jewish populations were:

Country Enlarged Jewish
population		 %
of total
1 United States 300,000 2.7%
2 Israel 377,000 74.8%
3 Russia 300,000 0.5%
4 France 500,000 0.9%
5 Canada 500,000 1.4%
6 Ukraine 360,000 0.8%
7 Argentina 3,000 0.8%
8 United Kingdom 300,000 0.5%
9 Germany 250,000 0.3%
10 Australia 150,000 0.6%

Remnant and vanished populations

The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports do exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of once much larger Jewish populations. Egypt, for example, had a Jewish community of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbers less than 40 today, mainly because of the immigration movements to Israel at that time.[63] Afghanistan may have only one Jew left, Zablon Simintov, despite a 2,000 year history of Jewish presence.[64] In Syria, another ancient Jewish community saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered less than 20 in the midst of the Syrian Civil War.[65] The size of the Jewish community in Indonesia has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.[66][67]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Numbers in this list are the total for Israel proper as well as Israeli settlers in the disputed Palestinian territories. Broken down by area, the Jewish population numbers are:[2]
    • Israel: 5,763,100 (core); 6,103,100 (enlarged)
    • Palestinian territories: 340,100 (core); 348,000 (enlarged)
  2. ↑ Poland shows the widest range of any entry in this table. Once the epicenter of the diaspora with millions of Jews, the population was decimated by the Holocaust and further subdued by communism; estimating current numbers has been difficult. DellaPergola presents conservative estimates of just 3,200 (core) and 7,500 (enlarged) because census numbers have been low. There is reason to suspect the number is higher with multiple sources suggesting a population in the range of 20,000 to 25,000.[35][36] One report notes that estimates have ranged anywhere from 10,000 to 100,000.[37]

References

  1. ↑ Wisse, Ruth (2007). Jews and Power. Schocken Books. p. 188. ISBN 978-0805242249.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 DellaPergola, Sergio (2014). Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira, eds. "World Jewish Population, 2014". Current Jewish Population Reports. The American Jewish Year Book (Dordrecht: Springer). 113: 301–393. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 DellaPergola, Sergio (2015). Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira, eds. "World Jewish Population, 2015". Current Jewish Population Reports. The American Jewish Year Book (Dordrecht: Springer). 115: 273–364. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "US Jewish Population is Anywhere Between 5.425 Million and 6.722 Million". Jewish Political News and Updates. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  5. ↑ "World Jewish Population - Latest Statistics". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  6. ↑ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/
  7. ↑ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/09/chart-the-decline-of-europes-jewish-population/
  8. ↑ "Haredi Orthodox account for bulk of Jewish population growth in New York City - Nation". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  9. ↑ Yaakov Levi. "Israel Population Now 8.2 Million - 75% Are Jewish". Israel National News. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  10. ↑ "Fertility Rates, by Age and Religion". Statistical Abstract of Israel. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  11. ↑ "Data: Arab Growth Slows, Still Higher than Jewish Rate". Israel National News. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  12. ↑ Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation - Mark Tolts.
  13. ↑ "Immigration to Israel by Year". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  14. ↑ "Demography". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  15. ↑ RFI (7 September 2014). "Les juifs de France émigrent en masse vers Israël". RFI. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  16. ↑ "La communauté juive de France compte 550.000 personnes, dont 25.000 à Toulouse". France info. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  17. ↑ "France tops list for Jewish emigration to Israel". RFI. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  18. ↑ Sheshkin, Ira; Dashefsky, Arnold (2 November 2012). Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira, eds. "Jewish Population in the United States, 2012" (PDF). Current Jewish Population Reports. Storrs, Connecticut: North American Jewish Data Bank. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  19. 1 2 Tighe, Elizabeth; et al. (September 2013). "American Jewish Population Estimates: 2012" (PDF). Brandeis University: Steinhardt Social Research Institute. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  20. ↑ 2012. Retrieved on 30 January 2014
  21. ↑ "Jewish populations in Europe". Institute for Jewish Policy Research. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  22. ↑ "Country Comparison: Population". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "Latest Population Statistics for Israel | Jewish Virtual Library" (PDF). www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
  24. ↑ http://ajpp.brandeis.edu/
  25. ↑ Congreso Judío Latinoamericano. "Comunidades judías latinoamericanas: Argentina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  26. ↑ 2010 Brazilian census Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved on 30 January 2014
  27. ↑ NSW Board of Jewish Education. "South African Jews". Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  28. ↑ "Panorama de las religiones en México 2010" (PDF) (in Spanish). INEGI. p. 3. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  29. ↑ Los 50.000 judíos de España celebran desde hoy la fiesta de Janucá que culminará el día 4 con el encendido de luces
  30. ↑ http://www.larazon.es/historico/5466-unos-50-000-judios-residentes-en-espana-reciben-el-nuevo-ano-PLLA_RAZON_400908#.Ttt1QPYwLOQTp5K
  31. ↑ http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/06/06/actualidad/1402043523_305436.html
  32. ↑ Gli ebrei in Italia
  33. ↑ World Jewish Population, 2014
  34. ↑
  35. ↑ Pfeffer, Anshel (3 February 2015). "The killing fields of Auschwitz nearby, Polish Jewish life is being reborn in Krakow". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  36. ↑ Easton, Adam (27 October 2014). "Polish museum celebrates 1,000 years of Jewish life". BBC. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  37. 1 2 Timothy Garton Ash. "A small miracle in the tortured history of Polish-Jewish relations". Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "Warsaw Jews to Open First JCC in Polish Capital". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  39. ↑ Congreso Judío Latinoamericano. "Comunidades judías latinoamericanas: Uruguay" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute". The Times of Israel. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 16 Aug 2014. A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran
  41. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009".
  42. ↑ "Religious Affiliation (total response)". 2013 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables. 2013. Table 31.
  43. ↑ "Jewish professor receives New Zealand Order of Merit". The Jerusalem Post. June 10, 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  44. ↑ "The World Factbook".
  45. ↑ Lyons, Erica (August 2011). "The Jewish Community of Hong Kong". Beit Hatfutsot Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  46. ↑ The lost Jews of Uganda
  47. ↑ Congreso Judío Latinoamericano. "Comunidades judías latinoamericanas: Paraguay" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  48. ↑ Freund, Michael. "Vandals deface Holocaust memorial in Armenia". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  49. ↑ "Economic Opportunities Lure Jews to Land of Ho Chi Minh". Jewish Telegraph Agency. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "Pakistan". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  51. ↑ "Minorities' votes may decide fate of 96 constituencies". Dawn. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  52. ↑ Rainey, Venetia. "Uncovering Lebanon's Jewish past". Al Jezeera. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  53. ↑ "Beirut's hidden Jewish community". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  54. ↑ "Tahiti". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  55. ↑ Root, Tik. "The historic end of aliyah from Yemen". Israel Foreign Ministry. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  56. ↑ "Martinique". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "Fiji". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  58. ↑ "New Caledonia". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  59. ↑ "Albania". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  60. ↑ "Egypt". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  61. ↑ Slackman, Michael (17 April 1999). "In a Landscape of Tension, Bahrain Embraces Its Jews. All 36 of Them.". NY Times. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  62. ↑ "World Jewish Population 2013". jewishdatabank.org.
  63. ↑ "Egypt's Jewish community buries deputy leader". Al Jazeera. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  64. ↑ Donati, Jessica; Harooni, Mirwais (12 November 2013). "Last Jew in Afghanistan faces ruin as kebabs fail to sell". Reuters. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  65. ↑ "Syria". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  66. ↑ CIA World Fact Book
  67. ↑ Levenda 2007 pp 188
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