Jens Stoltenberg

Jens Stoltenberg
13th Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Assumed office
1 October 2014
Preceded by Anders Fogh Rasmussen
20th Prime Minister of Norway
In office
17 October 2005 – 16 October 2013
Monarch Harald V
Preceded by Kjell Magne Bondevik
Succeeded by Erna Solberg
In office
3 March 2000 – 19 October 2001
Monarch Harald V
Preceded by Kjell Magne Bondevik
Succeeded by Kjell Magne Bondevik
Leader of the Labour Party
In office
6 April 2002 – 14 June 2014
Preceded by Thorbjørn Jagland
Succeeded by Jonas Gahr Støre
Minister of Finance
In office
25 October 1996 – 17 October 1997
Prime Minister Thorbjørn Jagland
Preceded by Sigbjørn Johnsen
Succeeded by Gudmund Restad
Minister of Industry and Energy
In office
7 October 1993 – 24 October 1996
Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland
Preceded by Finn Kristensen (Industry)
Succeeded by Grete Knudsen
Personal details
Born (1959-03-16) 16 March 1959
Oslo, Norway
Political party Labour
Spouse(s) Ingrid Schulerud
Children 2
Parents Karin Heiberg
Thorvald Stoltenberg
Alma mater University of Oslo
Signature
Website Official Facebook
Official Twitter

Jens Stoltenberg ( listen ; born 16 March 1959) is a Norwegian politician, and the 13th Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 2000 to 2001, and from 2005 to 2013.

Stoltenberg was first elected to Parliament in 1993 for the Oslo constituency, and is a member of the Labour Party. He served as State Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment from 1990 to 1991, and as Minister of Industry from 1993 to 1996 in the Brundtland's Third Cabinet. Following the resignation of Gro Harlem Brundtland in 1996, Thorbjørn Jagland became Prime Minister, and Stoltenberg was appointed Minister of Finance, an office that he held until October 1997, when Jagland and the entire government resigned as a consequence of its 36.9 ultimatum. While in parliamentary opposition, Stoltenberg served in the standing committee on energy affairs. He became the Parliamentary Leader and Prime Minister candidate for the Labour Party in February 2000.

Stoltenberg was appointed Prime Minister in March 2000, following a motion of no confidence against Bondevik's First Cabinet. The policies of the first Stoltenberg cabinet instituted the most widespread privatisation by any Norwegian government to that date.[1] After lackluster results in the 2001 Parliamentary Election, and the subsequent fall of the government on 19 October 2001, Stoltenberg successfully challenged Thorbjørn Jagland for the party leadership in 2002. Stoltenberg served as leader of the Labour Party from 2002 to 2014, and led the party to victory in the 2005 election by forming a red-green alliance government with the Centre Party (Sp) and the Socialist Left Party (SV), taking office on 17 October 2005. Stoltenberg was re-elected in 2009 for a second term as Prime Minister, and then lost the election for a third term in 2013. Stoltenberg submitted his resignation on 14 October 2013, and left office two days later.[2]

From 2013, Stoltenberg served as a United Nations special envoy on climate change (global warming). He has chaired the UN High-Level Panel on System Wide Coherence and the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing. In March 2014, he was appointed by NATO's North Atlantic Council to be the Secretary General, and assumed the position on 1 October 2014.[3]

Stoltenberg has been described as a cautious politician, belonging to the right wing of social democracy.[4] In foreign policy, Stoltenberg has been a strong proponent of Norwegian membership in the European Union. In security policy, Stoltenberg favours increased military spending and dialogue.[5]

Early life and education

Jens Stoltenberg was born 16 March 1959 in Oslo, Norway, into the Stoltenberg family, whose name is derived from Stoltenberg in northern Germany. His father, Thorvald Stoltenberg (born 1931), was a prominent Labour party politician who served as ambassador, as defence minister and as foreign minister. His mother, Karin Stoltenberg (née Heiberg; 1931–2012), was a geneticist who served as state secretary in multiple governments during the 1980s.[6] Marianne Heiberg, married to former Foreign Minister Johan Jørgen Holst, was his maternal aunt. Jens lived in Serbia from 1960 to 1963 while his father was Ambassador to Yugoslavia.[7]

Education

Stoltenberg attended primary school at Oslo Waldorf School, and upper secondary school at Oslo Cathedral School. He served his mandatory military service with the Army's Infantry Training Centre at Evjemoen in Aust-Agder.

After leaving the army, Stoltenberg enrolled at the University of Oslo, graduating in 1987 with the cand.oecon. degree in economics. The title of his thesis was Makroøkonomisk planlegging under usikkerhet. En empirisk analyse ("Macroeconomic planning under uncertainty. An empirical analysis").[8]

Early political activity

Stoltenberg's first steps into politics came in his early teens, when he was influenced by his sister Camilla, who at the time was a member of the then Marxist–Leninist group Red Youth. Opposition to the Vietnam War was his triggering motivation. Following heavy bombing raids against the North Vietnamese port city of Hai Phong at the end of the Vietnam War, he participated in protest rallies targeting the United States Embassy in Oslo. On at least one occasion embassy windows were broken by stone-throwing protesters. Several of Stoltenberg's friends were arrested by the police after these events.[9]

Early career

From 1979 to 1981 Stoltenberg was a journalist for Arbeiderbladet; and between 1985 and 1989 he was the leader of the Workers' Youth League. From 1989 to 1990 he worked as an Executive Officer for Statistics Norway, Norway's central institution for producing official statistics. He also worked part-time as an hourly paid instructor at the University of Oslo during this period. Between 1990 and 1992, he was leader of the Oslo chapter of the Labour Party.[10] Up until 1990 he had regular contacts with a Soviet diplomat. He ended this relationship after being informed by the Norwegian Police Security Service his contact was a KGB agent, warning him of further contact. Stoltenberg's code name within the KGB was "Steklov".[11][12][13]

Political career in Norway

Minister of Finance

Main article: Jagland's Cabinet

Before becoming Minister of Finance, Stoltenberg was Minister for trade and energy in Gro Harlem Brundtland's cabinet (1993–1996).[10] In 1996 when Brundtland resigned, Thorbjørn Jagland stepped in for her and became the new Norwegian Prime Minister.[10] In Jagland's government, Stoltenberg became Minister of Finance.[10] On 29 September 1997, Jagland resigned because of an ultimatum he had issued stating that the cabinet would resign should the party receive less than 36.9% of the popular vote.[14] Labour only received 35.0%; true to his promise, Jagland resigned, and power was transferred to the first cabinet of Kjell Magne Bondevik.[15][16] After Jagland's resignation, Stoltenberg served on the standing committee on oil and energy affairs in the Storting.[10]

First term as Prime Minister

In 2000 the first cabinet of Bondevik resigned following an unsuccessful motion of confidence.[17] Stoltenberg's first cabinet governed Norway from 17 March 2000 to 19 October 2001.[17] Stoltenberg was the deputy leader of the labor party while Jagland was the party leader. Instead Jagland was given the post as Foreign Minister. Stoltenberg's first tenure as Prime Minister (2000–2001) was controversial within his own party, being responsible for reforms and modernisation of the welfare state that included part-privatising several key state-owned services and corporations. In the parliamentary election of 10 September 2001, the party suffered one of its worst results ever, winning only 24% of the vote.

The 2001 election met with instability for the Labour Party. The Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet stated: "We are heading for a political earthquake when the votes are counted tonight, if we believe the opinion polls."[18] In an interview with The Associated Press Jagland stated "It is unstable and unpredictable."[18] After the election in 2001, Stoltenberg and his cabinet were forced to resign, with the Labour Party suffering from its worst election campaign results since 1924.[19] With the 98% votes taken, the Labour Party only garnered 24%, falling from 35%.[19] Jagland, the Labor Party leader, commented on the results saying, "We will have to make a decision about whether to continue in government after we know the full results".[19] After the election Stoltenberg said, "What is clear is that this was a very bad election."[19]

Several analysts has pointed out that one of the reasonable causes for their loss was that with only one year in power until the next election, more time was spent initiating or trying to start reforms than telling the people why they had to be done. Such reforms included selling down in state-owned companies, re-organisation of health care and public hospitals and changes in sick pay. The changes made from the 2001 election to the 2005 election was by Norwegian newspaper VG described as an "extreme makeover".[20]

Party leader election

The bad election result in 2001 was quickly followed by a leadership battle between Jagland and Stoltenberg. Both Jagland as leader and Stoltenberg as deputy leader said they were open to be challenged for their positions at the party's congress in November 2002. Stoltenberg refused to say whether he would challenge Jagland for the leadership position which was seen by political commentators as a sign that he probably would seek the leadership position.[21] In the beginning of February 2002, Jagland who had been briefly hospitalized in January and had a subsequent sick leave[22] said that he would not seek reelection as leader.[23] In November 2002, Stoltenberg was unanimously elected new leader at the party's congress.[24]

Second term as Prime Minister

The Prime Minister shares a speech at Youngstorget, 1 May 2009.

Stoltenberg's second cabinet governed Norway from 17 October 2005 to 16 October 2013. The 2005 parliamentary election saw a vast improvement for Labour, and the party gained a majority in parliament together with the other "Red-Green" parties, the Socialist Left Party and the Centre Party. This paved the way for a historic first in Norway, with Labour joining in a coalition government, the Red-Green Coalition, after a coalition deal with Stoltenberg was struck. Since the government's formation, key political issues such as Norwegian military participation in the current war in Afghanistan, petroleum activities in the Barents Sea, LGBT rights, immigration and the quality of standard education have been greatly debated by the public. Following Stoltenberg's re-election in 2009, dealt with the ongoing global recession and championed for environmentalist policies through private and corporate taxation.[25]

Stoltenberg with Russian President Dimitry Medvedev, 27 April 2010.

A marine border dispute with Russia in the Barents Sea since 1978 was settled when Stoltenberg and President of Russia Dimitry Medvedev signed an agreement on 27 April 2010 in Oslo.[26][27] The agreement is a compromise, which divides a disputed area of around 175,000 km2 (68,000 sq mi) into two approximately equally sized parts.[28] However, the agreement still needs ratification by the State Duma and the Parliament of Norway in order to be implemented. Whereas Norway had previously insisted on a border in accordance with the equidistance principle, which is recognized in international law, specifically the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea Article 15 and the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone Article 6, Russia invoked a Stalin-era decree of the Soviet Union from 1926, which was not recognised by any other country. The new agreement replaced a controversial[29] temporary agreement negotiated by Jens Evensen and Arne Treholt, who was later revealed to be a Soviet spy and who aided the Soviet Union in the negotiations.[30] Most of the disputed area was within what would normally be considered Norwegian according to the relevant international treaties.

As Prime Minister, Stoltenberg worked for a constructive relationship with Russia through dialogue and cooperation underpinned by NATO's deterrence and defence capabilities. During his tenure, he also emphasised the need to focus on security challenges close to Allied territory.[31]

22 July 2011 terror attacks

Main article: 2011 Norway attacks
Jens Stoltenberg speaking at a podium.
Stoltenberg speaks at a service commemorating the one year anniversary of the 2011 attacks.

On 22 July 2011, a bomb went off in Oslo outside the government building which houses the prime minister's office, killing at least eight people while wounding others. About an hour later, a shooting spree, which killed 69 people, was reported at Utøya, an island forty-five minutes away where the ruling Labour Party was holding its annual youth camp. The PM was due for a visit at the youth camp the next day, and was in his residence preparing his speech at the time of the Oslo explosion.[32]

On Sunday 24 July, Stoltenberg spoke at the church service in the Oslo Cathedral. He named two of the victims at Utøya, Monica Bøsei, who was the camp's leader, and Tore Eikeland, who was the leader of the youth chapter in Hordaland. He again vowed to work for more democracy, openness, and humanity, but without naivety.[33] He also said that "No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together."[34][35] The AUF girl mentioned is Stine Renate Håheim interviewed by CNN's Richard Quest on 23 July 2011.[36] Håheim again quoted her friend Helle Gannestad, who had tweeted this from home, watching events unfold on TV.[37]

On 24 August 2012, 33-year-old Norwegian Anders Behring Breivik was found guilty by the Oslo District Court of having perpetrated by himself both terrorist attacks, the bombing of the prime minister's office and the shooting spree on Utøya island, and was convicted to containment, a special form of prison sentence that can be extended indefinitely—with a time frame of 21 years and a minimum time of 10 years, which, in all, is the maximum penalty in Norway.[38]

On 3 September 2012, Norwegian daily Klassekampen wrote that the Gjørv Report on the terrorist attack "is the hardest verdict against a Norwegian cabinet since the Fact-Finding Commission of 1945 ensured that Johan Nygaardsvold's political career was abruptly halted."[39]

Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg said after the Gjørv Report was published that he had "ultimate responsibility for the preparedness in our country, a responsibility I take seriously." But he said he would not resign.[40]

2013 election and defeat

Stoltenberg was the Prime Minister candidate for the Red-Green Coalition in the 2013 elections, seeking re-election for a third term.

In August 2013, Stoltenberg said on his Facebook page that he had spent an afternoon working incognito as a taxi driver in Oslo.[41] Stoltenberg said he had wanted to "hear from real Norwegian voters" and that "taxis were one of the few places where people shared their true views." He added that, before driving the taxi, he had not driven a car in eight years.[41] The event was videotaped in a hidden camera fashion, and released as a promotional video by the Labour party for the election campaign.[42] It was later confirmed that five of the 14 customers were paid and recruited by the production company that produced the event for the Labour party.[43][44] None, however, knew they would meet Stoltenberg.

On 9 September 2013, the coalition failed to win majority, with 72 of the required 85 mandates, despite the Labour Party remaining the largest party in Norway with 30.8%.[45] In his speech the same night, he announced that his cabinet would resign in October 2013.[46] Stoltenberg returned to the Parliament where he became parliamentarian leader for the Labour Party and a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence. In December 2013, he was appointed by the United Nations as a Special Envoy on Climate Change, alongside the former Ghanaian president John Kufuor.[47]

NATO Secretary General

Stoltenberg with Russian President Vladimir Putin in New York City, 2000.

On 28 March 2014 NATO's North Atlantic Council appointed Stoltenberg as designated successor of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as the 13th Secretary General of NATO and Chairman of the council, effective from 1 October 2014.[48] The appointment had been widely expected in the media for some time, and commentators pointed out that the alliance's policies toward Russia will be the most important issue faced by Stoltenberg.[49] Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany, took the initiative to appoint Stoltenberg as Secretary-General, securing the support first of the United States, then of the United Kingdom, and then of all other member states.[50][51] Norway was a founding member of NATO in 1949, and Stoltenberg is the first Norwegian to serve as Secretary-General, although former Conservative Party Prime Minister Kåre Willoch was considered a strong candidate in 1988.[52]

In September 2015, Czech Deputy Prime Minister Andrej Babiš criticized NATO's lack of response to the European migrant crisis. After talks with Stoltenberg on migrant crisis issue Babiš said: "NATO is not interested in refugees, though Turkey, a NATO member, is their entrance gate to Europe and smugglers operate on Turkish territory".[53]

Policies toward Russia

On 25 March 2014, Stoltenberg gave a speech to a Labour Party convention where he harshly criticized Russia over its alleged invasion of Crimea, stating that Russia threatened security and stability in Europe and violated international law, and calling Russia's actions unacceptable.[54] After his election as NATO Secretary-General, Stoltenberg emphasized that Russia's invasion of Ukraine was a "brutal reminder of the necessity of NATO," stating that Russia's actions in Ukraine represented "the first time since the Second World War that a country has annexed a territory belonging to another country."[55]

Stoltenberg and US Secretary of State John Kerry at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, 1 December 2015

Stoltenberg has highlighted the necessity of NATO having a sufficiently strong military capacity, including nuclear weapons, to deter Russia from violating international law and threaten the security of NATO's member states. He has highlighted the importance of Article 5 in the North Atlantic Treaty and NATO's responsibility to defend the security of its eastern members in particular. He has further stated that Russia needs to be sanctioned over its actions in Ukraine, and has said that a possible NATO membership of Ukraine will be "a very important question" in the near future. Stoltenberg has expressed concern over Russia acquiring new cruise missiles.[56]

Stoltenberg has called NATO "the most successful alliance in history," stating that "NATO has secured the peace in Europe since its creation, and the alliance has managed to adapt to new security challenges."[57]

Stoltenberg has called for more cooperation with Russia in the fight against terrorism following a deadly attack on the headquarters of a French satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris.[58]

Under the Stoltenberg leadership, the alliance took a radically new position on propaganda and counter-propaganda in 2015, that "Entirely legal activities, such as running a pro-Moscow TV station, could become a broader assault on a country that would require a NATO response under Article Five of the Treaty... A final strategy is expected in October 2015."[59] In another report, the journalist reported that "as part of the hardened stance, Britain has committed £750,000 of UK money to support a counter-propaganda unit at NATO’s headquarters in Brussels."[60]

On 24 November 2015, Stoltenberg said "We stand in solidarity with Turkey and support the territorial integrity of our Nato ally" after Turkey shot down a Russian military jet for allegedly violating Turkish airspace for 17 seconds, near the Syrian border.[61]

Policies as Prime Minister

Defence and foreign politics

Secretary General of NATO Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Stoltenberg, while visiting Oslo talk with members of Telemark Battalion
Stoltenberg at the Paris Summit of 19 March 2011, which marked the start of a military intervention in Libya

While Stoltenberg was Prime Minister, Norway's defence spending increased steadily, with the result that Norway today is one of the NATO allies with the highest per capita defence expenditure.[62] Stoltenberg has also been instrumental in modernising the Norwegian armed forces, and in contributing forces to various NATO operations.[63]

Stoltenberg is a supporter of enhanced trans-Atlantic cooperation ties. He has also always been a supporter of Norwegian membership in the European Union.[64]

Stoltenberg has criticized Israel over alleged violations of international law in the Palestinian Territories as well as in international waters, such as the Gaza flotilla raid.[65] In 2006, Stoltenberg stated that "Norway condemns Israel's actions against Palestinians. Such collective punishment is totally unacceptable."[66] Stoltenberg praised doctors Mads Gilbert and Erik Fosse for their humanitarian work in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza War, stating that "all of Norway" was behind them.[67]

The financial crisis

Stoltenberg took an international role during the financial crisis by promoting international financial cooperation. This was among other arenas done through the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a meeting in Chile 27–29 March 2009 where social democratic leaders from around the world met at a Progressive Governance Conference, just prior to the first G20 summit on the financial crisis. President Bill Clinton was among the delegates and panel that would chart a way out of the financial crisis, which included the host Michelle Bachelet, Britain's finance minister Gordon Brown, Brazil's President Lula da Silva and Stoltenberg. A special emergency meeting of the European Social Democratic Forum (PES) was gathered in Oslo in May 2011, on an initiative from Stoltenberg and the think tank Policy Network.

Both nationally and internationally, Stoltenberg emphasised the enormous costs the financial crisis had in the form of a high unemployment rate, and appealed for better international coordination, the balance between austerity and economic growth stimulus, active labor market measures for young people, and investments for increased innovation. Norway came out of the financial crisis with the lowest unemployment rate in Europe.[68]

Environment and climate change

Partnering with tropical countries to preserve more of their rainforest to bind carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was a policy of the Stoltenberg government. In 2007, the government received support from the opposition to a long-term agreement to finance forest conservation with 3 billion NOK annually.[69]

Stoltenberg through his governing advocated that international agreements with global taxes or quotas are the most effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. At the UN Climate Change Conference 2009, a separate proposal on the preservation of rainforests with funding from rich countries, advanced by Stoltenberg and Brazilian Pres. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2009 obtained support from among others U.S. President Barack Obama during COP15 in Copenhagen.

The summit in Copenhagen ended without a binding agreement, but before the subsequent COP16 in Cancún, Stoltenberg succeeded then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown in the leadership of the committee dealing with the financing of climate actions in developing countries, also consisting of Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. Under a separate forest and climate conference in Oslo in May 2010, a proposal was presented to a number of countries, with final delivery of the report in autumn 2010. A Norwegian proposal for global financing of rainforest deforestation with a strong focus on Brazil, Indonesia and central Africa was also presented.

In January 2014 Jens Stoltenberg became United Nations Special Envoy on Climate Change. During the meeting there he met with Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon as well as UN Framework Convention director Christiana Figueres and both Achim Steiner and Helen Clark of the United Nations Development Programme.[70]

Vaccines

Jens Stoltenberg has been an advocate for having all the world's children vaccinated against infectious diseases. The first speech he gave in his second term as Prime Minister was during Norway's "Pharmaceutics days" in 2005 under the title "Vaccination against poverty". Stoltenberg was director of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) from 2002 to 2005 and was awarded the Children's Health Award in 2005.

An international initiative, with the UK, the Gates Foundation and Norway in the lead, that GAVI received more than $3.7 billion until 2015 for their work against child mortality.[71] Stoltenberg was one of the key driving forces behind the initiative, and has stressed that this is an important contribution to save 9 million children from dying of the most common childhood illnesses.

In his New Year speech on 1 January 2013 Stoltenberg spoke about vaccination of the world's children as a personal matter of the heart. "Small jabs are giving millions of children the gift of life. Simple medicines can save their mothers. The fact that all these mothers' and children's lives can be saved is – as I see it – a miracle of our time," Stoltenberg said in his speech.[72]

Personal life

Stoltenberg is married to diplomat Ingrid Schulerud and has two children: a son, Axel Stoltenberg (born 1989) who is studying Chinese at the Shanghai Jiaotong University[73][74] and daughter Anne Catharina Stoltenberg (born 1992) who is studying singing in Copenhagen.[6][75]

He likes to spend his summer vacations at his family's cottage on the idyllic Hvaler Islands in the Oslofjord.[76] An avid outdoorsman, during the winter-season he is an active cross-country skier.[77] In December 2011, in order to mark 100 years since Roald Amundsen reached the south pole on skis, Stoltenberg journeyed to Antarctica.[78]

Although being portrayed as a staunch atheist for most of his adult life, and declining membership in the formerly official Church of Norway,[79] Stoltenberg has stated that he does not consider himself an atheist. He explained: "Although I am not a member of any denomination, I do believe that there is something greater than man. Some call it God, others call it something else. For me, it's about understanding that we humans are small in relation to nature, in relation to the powers that are bigger and stronger than man can ever comprehend. I find that in a church."[80]

He has one living sister, Camilla, a medical researcher and administrator who is one year older than him; and one late sister, Nini, four years younger, who died in 2014. Nini was a recovering heroin addict, and the Norwegian media have covered the family's efforts to cope with this challenge.[81]

Controversies

In 2001 Stoltenberg crashed his Labour Party-owned car into a parked car; he then left the premises without leaving a note with his name or number; the damages cost 8000 Norwegian kroner to repair.[82] He has admitted to using cannabis in his youth, in 2002.[83] He therefore asked the Ministry of Justice and Public Security to evaluate his impartiality in the upcoming government response to the report on drugs by the Stoltenberg Commission, headed by his father, Thorvald Stoltenberg.[84] In 2009 while hunting, Stoltenberg shot a reindeer from a tame herd owned by Sami people. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority said it led to unnecessary suffering for the reindeer.[85] In 2011 Stoltenberg received a prize from the UN Foundation for excellent global leadership and Norway's support of the UN, earlier the same year, Stoltenberg had donated 150 million Norwegian kroner to the same foundation, which led to criticism.[86] Also in 2011 Stoltenberg got a 380,000 kroner boat as a birthday gift from the Norwegian Labour Party and the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions; the givers also paid the tax for the gift which led to criticism.[87][88]

References

  1. ↑ Harald Stanghelle (25 March 2014). "Avskjed mellom linjene" [Farewell between the lines]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  2. ↑ "Følg Stoltenberg på vei til å søke avskjed på Slottet" [Follow Stoltenberg on the way to seek dismissal at the Palace]. Aftenposten. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014.
  3. ↑ "NATO names Stoltenberg next Chief". BBC News. 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  4. ↑ Per Østby Refser de rødgrønne (Norwegian) transportarbeider.no. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2014
  5. ↑ "Stoltenberg vil være både hauk og due" [Stoltenberg Will be Both Hawk and Dove] (in Norwegian). DN.no; NTB. 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  6. 1 2 Kolstad, Tom (17 October 2011). "Stoltenberg-familien i åpenhjertig interview" [Stoltenberg family is having candid interview]. Aftenposten.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  7. ↑ V. N. (12 May 2012). "Stoltenberg: Beograd ostao u srcu" [Stoltenberg: Belgrade remained in my heart]. Novosti.rs. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  8. ↑ Stoltenberg, Jens. "Makroøkonomisk planlegging under usikkerhet. En empirisk analyse" [Macroeconomic planning is uncertain; an empirical analysis] (PDF) (in Norwegian). ssb.no. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  9. ↑ Salvesen, Geir (1994). Thorvalds verden [Thorvald's world]. Oslo, Norway: Schibsted. pp. 398–399. ISBN 82-516-1545-3.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jens Stoltenberg Biography". notablebiographies.com (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  11. ↑ "Kodenavn "Steklov"" [Code Name "Steklov"]. VG (in Norwegian). 24 October 2000. Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  12. ↑ Kjetil S. (19 October 2011). "Jøss, herr Statsminister" [Gee, Mr. Prime Minister]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  13. ↑ Alf R. Jacobsen (6 July 2011). "Stortinget må granske" [Parliament must scrutinize]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  14. ↑ Sørebø, Herbjørn (17 February 2000). "Ikkje noko mediemord". Dag og Tid (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
  15. ↑ Almendingen, Berit (29 September 1997). "Meddelelse fra statsminister Thorbjørn Jagland om Regjeringens avskjedssøknad". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  16. ↑ Mary Williams Walsh (16 October 1997). "Norway's Problem: Too Much Cash – Oil Is Flowing And Surplus Is Fat". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  17. 1 2 "Norway's new cabinet named". BBC News. 17 March 2000. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  18. 1 2 "Norway set for close polls result". CNN. 10 September 2001. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Norway poll sparks power struggle". BBC News. 11 September 2001. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  20. ↑ Mosveen, Eirik (11 August 2005). "Ekstrem forvandling trans_title=Extreme makeover". VG (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  21. ↑ Marie Melgård, Tommy H. Brakstad (8 November 2011). "Slik var striden mellom Jens og Jagland" [Such was the battle between Jamie and Jagland]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  22. ↑ "Sykemeldt til 3.feb" [Sick leave on 3 February] (in Norwegian). NRK. 17 January 2002. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  23. ↑ "Gamle synder på lur i Ap" [Old sins lurking in AP]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  24. ↑ "Stoltenberg Aps nye leder" [Stoltenberg's Labor's new leader] (in Norwegian). NRK. 10 November 2002. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  25. ↑ "Norway's government is re-elected". British Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). 14 September 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  26. ↑ Dyomkin, Denis; Fouche, Gwladys (27 April 2010). "UPDATE 3-Russia and Norway strike Arctic sea border deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  27. ↑ Gibbs, Walter (28 April 2010). "Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea". New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  28. ↑ "Gjennombrudd i Barentshavet" [Breakthrough in Barents Sea]. Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 28 April 2010. pp. 6–13. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  29. ↑ Kåre Willoch (2002): Myter og virkelighet. Oslo: Cappelen.
  30. ↑ Stein Vale (2009): Teppefall i Treholtsaken. Oslo: Cappelen Damm, pp. 34–36 and 135.
  31. ↑ "Good neighbourly relations and international cooperation". Government.no. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  32. ↑ NTB (25 July 2011). "Stoltenberg skrev tale til Utøya da bomben smalt" [Stoltenberg wrote the speech to Utøya when the bomb hit] (in Norwegian). E24. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  33. ↑ Kleivan, Nikolai (24 July 2011). "Stoltenberg på minnestund: – Vi har maktet å stå oppreist i en kritisk tid" [Stoltenberg at memorial: – We have managed to stay upright in a critical time] (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  34. ↑ "orway attacks rolling coverage: Sunday 24 July 2011". The Guardian. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2011. No one has said it better than the AUF girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can show so much hate, think how much love we could show, standing together.
  35. ↑ "Address by Prime Minister in Oslo Cathedral". Government.no. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2011. No one has said it better than the Labour Youth League girl who was interviewed by CNN: If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
  36. ↑ "Norway Island survivor: CNN's Richard Quest talks to Stine Renate Haheim". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011. If one man can create that much hate, you can only imagine how much love we as a togetherness can create.
  37. ↑ "Helle inspirerte verdensstjernen" [Helle inspired world star]. Side2.no. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  38. ↑ "Anders Behring Breivik: Norway court finds him sane". BBC News. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012.
  39. ↑ Overivrig "22. juli-kommisjonens rapport er den mest knusende dom en norsk regjering har fått siden Undersøkelseskommisjonen i 1945 sørget for at Johan Nygaardsvolds politiske karriere fikk en brå slutt."
  40. ↑ "Norway massacre could have been avoided, report finds". CNN. 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014.
  41. 1 2 "Norway PM Jens Stoltenberg works as secret taxi driver". BBC News. 11 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013.
  42. ↑ Peters, Tim. "Taxi-Jens lurte velgere med skjult kamera ** – Fikk en del kritikk for kjøringen min". VG (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  43. ↑ Davidson, Jacob. "Norwegian Prime Minister's Taxi Stunt Involved Paid Actors". Time. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  44. ↑ Johansen, Nilas (12 August 2013). "Fikk betalt for tur med "Taxi-Jens" Brukte "street casting" for å sikre passasjerer til statsministeren" [Got paid for the trip with "Taxi Jens" Used "street casting" to ensure passengers to the Prime Minister]. VG (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  45. ↑ Accurate as of 23:20 local time on election night.
  46. ↑ http://www.vgtv.no/#!id=70029&index=39
  47. ↑ Solholm, Rolleiv (24 December 2013). "Stoltenberg new UN special envoy". The Norway Post. NRK. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  48. ↑ "Appointment of Secretary General designate". North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  49. ↑ James Kanter (28 March 2014). "Norwegian to Lead NATO as It Is Poised for Bigger Role". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. (registration required (help)).
  50. ↑ "Stoltenberg skal lære seg fransk" [Stoltenberg will learn French]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
  51. ↑ "Stoltenberg letter på sløret: Merkel ringte meg om NATO-jobben i oktober" [Stoltenberg got a hint: Merkel called me about NATO job in October] (in Norwegian). NRK. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  52. ↑ Lars Molteberg Glomnes; Ole Mathismoen; Robert Gjerde (19 March 2014). "Toppene avgjør Stoltenbergs Nato-fremtid". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  53. ↑ "Czech minister Babis criticises NATO´s stance on refugees". CeskeNoviny.cz. 10 September 2015.
  54. ↑ Lars Molteberg Glomnes (25 March 2014). "Stoltenberg med hard Russland-kritikk" [Stoltenberg was met with fierce criticism from Russia]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
  55. ↑ "Stoltenberg: – Russlands annektering er en brutal påminnelse om Natos viktighet" [Stoltenberg: – Russia's annexation is a brutal reminder of the importance of NATO]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
  56. ↑ Tron Strand, Anders Haga; Kjersti Kvile, Lars Kvamme (28 March 2014). "Stoltenberg frykter russiske raketter" [Stoltenberg fears of Russian missiles]. Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 May 2014.
  57. ↑ "Stoltenberg: Nato er "historiens mest vellykkede allianse"" [Stoltenberg: NATO is "history's most successful alliance"] (in Norwegian). DN. 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014.
  58. ↑ "NATO Head Says Russian Anti-Terror Cooperation Important". Bloomberg. 8 January 2015
  59. ↑ telegraph.co.uk: "US confirms it will place 250 tanks in eastern Europe to counter Russian threat", 23 Jun 2015
  60. ↑ telegraph.co.uk: "Nato updates Cold War playbook as Putin vows to build nuclear stockpile", 25 Jun 2015
  61. ↑ "Turkey's downing of Russian warplane – what we know". BBC. 24 November 2015.
  62. ↑ "Stoltenberg appointed new NATO Chief". The Norway Post. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  63. ↑ "NATO Appoints Jens Stoltenberg as NATO SG as of October 1st 2014". The Nordic Page (in Norwegian). Oslo. 23 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  64. ↑ Henrik Width (19 October 2011). "Stoltenberg harselerte med EØS-avtalen" [Stoltenberg mocked the EEA Agreement]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2014.
  65. ↑ Lars Barth-Heyerdahl (31 May 2010). "Stoltenberg: – Uakseptabelt av Israel: Den norske regjeringen fordømmer bordingen av skip med nødhjelp på vei til Gaza" [Stoltenberg: – Unacceptable of Israel: The Norwegian government condemns board of the ship with the aid headed to Gaza] (in Norwegian). TV2. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
  66. ↑ "Stoltenberg fordømmer Israel" [Stoltenberg condemns Israel]. Aftenbladet (in Norwegian). 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
  67. ↑ "Stoltenberg hyller norske Gaza-leger" [Stoltenberg shelves Norwegian Gaza doctors]. Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
  68. ↑ "Norge har lavest arbeids-ledighet i Europa" [Norway has the lowest unemployment in Europe]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 1 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010.
  69. ↑ "Gir tre milliarder til regnskogen" (in Norwegian). NRK. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014.
  70. ↑ "Jens Stoltenberg becomes UN special envoy on Climate Change". Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  71. ↑ "Bill Gates Meets Jens Stoltenberg". The Nordic Page (in Norwegian). 16 May 2005. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  72. ↑ "Stoltenbergs New Year speech" (in Norwegian). 1 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  73. ↑ "Stoltenberg til Kina" [Stoltenberg to China]. Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). 3 September 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  74. ↑ "Axel Stoltenberg, styremedlem". Ansa.no. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  75. ↑ Helljesen, Vilde (14 March 2009). ""Hopalong Cassidy" fyller 50 år" ["Hopalong Cassidy" turns 50 years] (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: NRK. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  76. ↑ Tinlund, Tore (31 August 2009). "Her er Stoltenbergs ferieparadis" [Here is Stoltenberg's vacation paradise]. Fredrikstads blad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  77. ↑ Hellen, Bjørnar (13 February 2011). "Stoltenberg tester VM-løypene" [Stoltenberg tested World Cup trails] (in Norwegian). NRK. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  78. ↑ Kristiansen, Bjørn (13 December 2011). "Stoltenberg på Sørpolen" [Stoltenberg at the South Pole]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  79. ↑ Melå, Veronica (14 July 2000). "Statsministeren må være kristen". VG (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  80. ↑ Erik Fossen; Håvard Bjelland (31 December 2011). "Man må tro at det nytter" [One must believe that it is possible]. Bt.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  81. ↑ "Hvem i helvete i regjeringen er det som har bestemt det?" [Who the hell is the government that has decided it?]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  82. ↑ Hultgreen, Gunnar (8 December 2001). "Jens varslet ikke eieren" [Jens did not notify the owner]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 December 2001. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  83. ↑ Kaasa, Kjell M. (2 November 2002). "Ja, jeg har prøvd hasj!" [Yes, I have tried weed!]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2 November 2002. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  84. ↑ "Vurderer statsministerens habilitet i narkotikapolitikken" [Considering the Prime Minister's impartiality in drug policy]. VG (in Norwegian). NTB. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  85. ↑ Brandvol, Ivar (23 September 2009). "Stoltenberg skjøt tamrein" [Jens shot tame reindeer]. VG (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  86. ↑ Gedde-Dahl, Siri (25 November 2011). "Stoltenberg delte ut penger - fikk pris i retur" [Stoltenberg handed out money - got prize in return]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  87. ↑ Thomas Ege, Rune (22 July 2011). "Stoltenberg fikk båt til 380.000" [Stoltenberg got boat to 380.000]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  88. ↑ Johanson, Marianne (22 October 2011). "Ap betalte skatt for båtgaven til Jens" [AP paid tax for the boat gift]. Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
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Party political offices
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1985–1989 		Succeeded by
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