J. Sella Martin

John Sella Martin
Abolitionist, preacher and escaped slave.
Born	John Sella Martin 1832 Charlotte, North Carolina
Died	1876 New Orleans, Louisiana
Nationality	American
Occupation	Pastor
Known for	Abolitionist

John Sella Martin (September 27, 1832 - August 11, 1876) was a noted abolitionist in Boston, Massachusetts and a pastor, who had escaped from slavery in Alabama. He was a leading African-American preacher and activist for equality before the American Civil War,^[1] traveling to England to lecture against slavery. When he returned, he preached in Presbyterian churches in Washington, DC.

After the American Civil War, Martin returned to the South, working during the Reconstruction era in education in Alabama and Mississippi. He became a politician in Louisiana and in 1872 was elected to the state legislature from Caddo Parish. In that year, the gubernatorial election was fiercely disputed, and the state legislature was ultimately taken over by the Democrats, en route to regaining control of the state government. Martin had an appointed position with the US Post Office and also wrote for the Louisianian newspaper.

Early years

John Sella Martin was born into slavery in 1832 in Charlotte, North Carolina. His mother was a slave, and his father was her white master. Under the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, adopted by Virginia in 1662 and later other colonies in slave law, children of slave mothers took her status and were born into slavery, regardless of who their father was and what proportion of European ancestry they had. this gave rise to many mixed-race slaves, some of majority-white ancestry. At the age of six Martin, his mother and his only sister were taken to Columbus, Georgia where they were sold. His mother and sister were purchased by one man and John Sella Martin was purchased by Horace King.

His new owner was an old bachelor. Martin served him in the capacity of a valet de chambre until the age of eighteen. They resided together in one of the principal hotels in Columbus, and Martin was given the opportunity to learn how to read and write, as well as be exposed to a more worldly view (as opposed to being an agricultural worker). He met travelers from throughout the United States and Canada staying at the hotel, as well as their servants.

False freedom

When Martin was sixteen his owner went blind, and Martin was entrusted with helping him carry out his personal affairs; he gave the youth a home-school type education. When his master died, Martin (then eighteen), was set free by his will. But his master's relatives successfully contested the will, forcing Martin to remain in bondage. They had him sold during settlement of the estate, and he was taken to Mobile, Alabama.^[1]

Escape to new life

After escaping slavery in Alabama in 1856 at the age of 24, Martin made his way to the North, first reaching Canada.^[2] He finally settled in Boston, Massachusetts, considered a center of freedom for blacks. It had a strong, biracial abolitionist movement.

He entered the ministry and became minister of the First Independent Baptist Church (1860-1862) in the Beacon Hill section of that city.^[3] He was active in the abolitionist movement and worked to achieve equality of the races.

Martin was well-received by abolitionist leaders and admired for his speaking skills.

"They say that the negroes are very well contented in ... slavery.... [S]uppose it were the fact the black man was contented...to see his wife sold on the auction-block or his daughter violated.... I say that is the heaviest condemnation of the institution, that slavery should blot out a man's manhood so as to make him contented to accept this degradation, and such an institution ought to be swept from the face of the earth." - J. Sella Martin

He was selected to represent the American Missionary Association in England, where he lectured widely in London against slavery and helped raise funds for education of African Americans. On his return, he joined the Presbyterian Church and was a popular preacher in Washington, DC.^[2]

After the American Civil War, Martin returned to the South, working in education in Alabama and Mississippi. He went into politics in Louisiana. In 1872 he was elected to the state legislature as a fusion candidate from Caddo Parish, Louisiana. In that year, the gubernatorial election was so fiercely disputed that the federal government had to get involved, deciding in favor of the Republican candidate. But, the state legislature had several seats that were contested; Democrats ultimately took control and Martin lost his seat. Martin was appointed as an agent of the US Post Office, and also wrote for the Louisianian newspaper.^[2]

Martin's death

Martin died in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1876 by an overdose of laudanum, which he was known to use for "his nerves". He left no suicide note, so it was not known if the overdose was accidental or intentional. He had developed a drinking problem in his later years, and was reported to be unemployed and despondent at the time of his death. He left behind a wife and a daughter.^[2] He had a national reputation and his death was covered sympathetically by The New York Times.^[2]

They concluded their obituary saying:

"Because, reared as a slave he made a man of himself, and for the good work he had done in the church when he was at his best, for the long years when he had eloquently and earnestly labored for the advancement of his race, he is kindly remembered by the colored people of the United States. If he faltered on the good road before his work was completed, others have also given up in weakness to an enemy that slays thousands. For the good he has done, and that was in him, he is mourned by his friends. He was bad only to himself."

Marriage and family

In 1858, Martin married Sarah Ann Lattimore of Saratoga Springs, New York.^[4] They had two children: a son, Horace, who died at the age of four months in April 1861,^[5] and a daughter, Josephine Sarah, born in Boston, March 9, 1863.^[6]

After Martin's death, Sarah Ann Martin moved to Washington, D.C., where she worked as a teacher. In 1884, both Sarah and her daughter Josie were witnesses at the wedding of Frederick Douglass and his second wife Helen Pitts Douglass^[7] Josie, who had also worked in the District as a teacher, on December 27, 1883 married barber Cyrus Fabius Martin (no relation), a Civil War veteran from Dowagiac, Michigan. They would eventually have four children.^[8]

Sarah Ann Martin died in Washington on May 26, 1891.^[9] Josephine Sarah Martin divorced her husband in 1909, and with her youngest daughter moved to Chicago, Illinois where she married Dr. Graham Sharp, a chiropodist.^[10] They would subsequently move to Los Angeles, California where she died on October 18, 1947.^[6]

References

1. 1 2 Brown, William Wells. "J. Sella Martin", The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius, and his achievements, Boston: J. Redpath, 1863, pp. 241-245, edition online at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina
2. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Death of J. Sella Martin". New York Times. August 17, 1876. 
3. ↑ Philip Sheldon Foner, Robert J. Branham: Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787-1900 p.452; University Alabama Press; (1997) ISBN 0-8173-0906-3
4. ↑ 1850 Federal Census for Town of Moreau, Saratoga County, New York, 130
5. ↑ Massachusetts Births for 1860 134:96; Massachusetts Deaths for 1861 149:64. Massachusetts Archives, Columbia Point, Boston, Massachusetts
6. 1 2 Ancestry.com. California, Death Index, 1940-1997 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2000. Original data: State of California. California Death Index, 1940-1997. Sacramento, CA, USA: State of California Department of Health Services, Center for Health Statistics.
7. ↑ William S. McFeely: Frederick Douglass. New York: Norton, 1991
8. ↑ Ancestry.com. District of Columbia, Select Marriages, 1830-1921 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, 2014. Original data: District of Columbia, Marriages, 1830-1921. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013.
9. ↑ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=120559423&ref=acom
10. ↑ 1920 Federal Census for Second Ward of the City of Chicago, Cook County, Illinois Enumeration District 98, Sheet 15-A, Lines 18-20 (3820 Rhodes Avenue)