Ibrutinib

Ibrutinib
Clinical data
Trade names Imbruvica
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
Routes of
administration		 Oral (capsules)
ATC code L01XE27 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 97.3%
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP3A & CYP2D6)
Biological half-life 4–6 hours
Excretion Feces (80%), urine (10%)
Identifiers
CAS Number 936563-96-1
PubChem (CID) 24821094
IUPHAR/BPS 6912
ChemSpider 26637187
UNII 1X70OSD4VX
KEGG D10223
ChEBI CHEBI:76612
ChEMBL CHEMBL1873475
ECHA InfoCard 100.232.543
Chemical and physical data
Formula C25H24N6O2
Molar mass 440.4971
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image

Ibrutinib (Imbruvica) is a small molecule drug that binds permanently to a protein, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), that is important in B cells; the drug is used to treat B cell cancers like mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, a form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Ibrutinib was created by scientists at Celera Genomics as a tool compound for studying BTK function, then developed by Pharmacyclics up to Phase II, then partnered with Johnson & Johnson. Pharmacyclics was acquired by AbbVie in May 2015, and Abbvie projected global sales of US$1 billion in 2016 and $5 billion in 2020.[1]

According to the Wall Street Journal in January 2016 ibrutinib, a specialty drug, cost US$116,600 to $155,400 a year wholesale in the United States. In spite of discounts and medical insurance, the prohibitive price causes some patients to not fill their prescriptions.[1]

Medical uses

Ibrutinib is used to treat mantle cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.[2][3]

Adverse effects

Very common (>10% frequency) adverse effects include pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, skin infection, low neutrophil count, low platelet counts, headache, bleeding, bruising, diarrhea, vomiting, inflammation of mouth and lips, nausea, constipation, rash, joint pain, muscle spasms, musculoskeletal pain, fever, and edema.[2]

Common (1–10% frequency) adverse effects include sepsis, urinary tract infection, non-melanoma skin cancer (basal-cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma), low leukocyte count, low lymphocyte count, interstitial lung disease, tumor lysis syndrome, high uric acid levels, dizziness, blurred vision, atrial fibrillation subdural hematoma, nosebleeds, small bruises from broken blood vessels, high blood pressure, hives, and skin redness or blushing.[2]

Clinical pharmacology

Ibrutinib oral bioavailability is 3.9% in a fasting state, 8.4% in a fed state, and 15.9% after consumption of grapefruit juice.[4]

Mechanism

Ibrutinib has been reported to reduce CLL cell chemotaxis towards the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL13, and inhibit cellular adhesion following stimulation at the B cell receptor (BCR).[5][6] Additionally, ibrutinib down-modulates the expression of CD20 (target of rituximab/ofatumumab) by targeting the CXCR4/SDF1 axis.[7] Together, these data are consistent with a mechanistic model whereby ibrutinib blocks BCR signaling, which drives cells into apoptosis and/or disrupts cell migration and adherence to protective tumour microenvironments.

In preclinical studies on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, ibrutinib has been reported to promote apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and also prevent CLL cells from responding to survival stimuli provided by the microenvironment.[7][8] This also leads to a reduction of Mcl1 levels (anti-apoptotic protein) in maligant B cells.[7] Treatment of activated CLL cells with ibrutinib resulted in inhibition of BTK tyrosine phosphorylation and also effectively abrogated downstream survival pathways activated by this kinase including ERK1/2, PI3K, and NF-κB. Additionally, ibrutinib inhibited proliferation of CLL cells in vitro, effectively blocking survival signals provided externally to CLL cells from the microenvironment including soluble factors (CD40L, BAFF, IL-6, IL-4, and TNF-α), fibronectin engagement and stromal cell contact.

In early clinical studies, the activity of ibrutinib has been described to include a rapid reduction in lymphadenopathy accompanied by a transient lymphocytosis, suggesting that the drug might have direct effects on cell homing or migration to factors in tissue microenvironments.[9]

History

Ibrutinib was created by scientists at Celera Genomics as a tool compound for studying BTK function; it covalently binds its target which is ideal for a reagent but generally not considered ideal for drugs.[10]

In 2006, in the course of acquiring an HDAC-focused program from Celera after its own initial discovery program had failed, Pharmacyclics also picked up Celera's small molecule BTK inhibitor discovery program for $2M in cash and $1M in stock and named the tool compound PCI-32765.[10][11] In 2011 after the drug had completed Phase II trials, Johnson & Johnson and Pharmacyclics agreed to co-develop the drug, and J&J paid paid Pharmacyclics $150 million upfront and $825 million in milestones.[12]

It was approved by the US FDA on November 13, 2013 for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma.[13] On Feb. 12, 2014, the FDA expanded the approved use of ibrutinib to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[14] It was approved for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia in 2015.[15]

In March 2015 Pharmacyclics and Abbvie agreed that Abbvie would acquire Pharmacyclics for $21 billion;[16] the deal was completed that May.[17]

Society and culture

According to the Wall Street Journal in January 2016 ibrutinib, a specialty drug, cost US$116,600 to $155,400 a year wholesale in the United States. In spite of discounts and medical insurance, the prohibitive price causes some patients to not fill their prescriptions.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Walker, Joseph (1 January 2016). "Patients Struggle With High Drug Prices: Out-of-pocket costs for pricey new drugs leave even some insured and relatively affluent patients with hard choices on how to afford them". Belleville, Illinois: Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "UK Ibrutiniib label". UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. 25 August 2016.
  3. ↑ "US Ibrutinib label" (PDF). FDA. June 2016.
  4. ↑ deVries R (2016). "Stable isotope-labelled intravenous microdose for absolute bioavailability and effect of grapefruit juice on ibrutinib in healthy adults.". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 81 (2): 235–45. doi:10.1111/bcp.12787. PMC 4833163Freely accessible. PMID 26382728.
  5. ↑ Ponader S, Chen SS, Buggy JJ, Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Chiorazzi N, Burger JA (Feb 2012). "The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor PCI-32765 thwarts chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival and tissue homing in vitro and in vivo". Blood. 119 (5): 1182–1189. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-10-386417. PMID 22180443.
  6. ↑ de Rooij MF, Kuil A, Geest CR, Eldering E, Chang BY, Buggy JJ, Pals ST, Spaargaren M (Mar 2012). "The clinically active BTK inhibitor PCI-32765 targets B-cell receptor- and chemokine-controlled adhesion and migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Blood. 119 (11): 2590–2594. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-11-390989. PMID 22279054.
  7. 1 2 3 Pavlasova, G; et al. (22 September 2016). "Ibrutinib inhibits CD20 upregulation on CLL B cells mediated by the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis.". Blood. 128 (12): 1609–13. PMID 27480113.
  8. ↑ Seda V, Mraz M (Mar 2015). "B-cell receptor signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in normal and malignant cells". European Journal of Haematology. 94 (3): n/a. doi:10.1111/ejh.12427. PMID 25080849.
  9. ↑ Brown JR (2013). "Ibrutinib (PCI-32765), the first BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) inhibitor in clinical trials". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 8 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1007/s11899-012-0147-9. PMC 3584329Freely accessible. PMID 23296407.
  10. 1 2 Shaywitz, David (April 5, 2013). "The Wild Story Behind A Promising Experimental Cancer Drug". Forbes.
  11. ↑ Langreth, Robert; Coffey, Brendan (26 February 2015). "Cancer Drug Once Bought for $7 Million May Now Fetch $18 Billion". Bloomberg.com.
  12. ↑ Sheridan, C (7 March 2012). "Companies in rapid pursuit of Btk immunokinase.". Nature biotechnology. 30 (3): 199–200. PMID 22398595.
  13. ↑ "FDA approves Imbruvica for rare blood cancer". United States Food and Drug Administration.
  14. ↑ Azvolinsky, PhD, Anna. "FDA Approves Ibrutinib for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". Cancer Network. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  15. ↑ "News Release: FDA expands approved use of Imbruvica for rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma". FDA. January 29, 2015.
  16. ↑ Rockoff, Jonathan D.; Loftus, Peter (5 March 2015). "AbbVie to Buy Pharmacyclics in $21 Billion Deal". Wall Street Journal.
  17. ↑ Sachdev, Ameet (May 26, 2015). "AbbVie closes $21 billion deal for Pharmacyclics". Chicago Tribune.
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