Hurricane Tomas

For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Tomas (disambiguation).
Hurricane Tomas
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Tomas shortly after intensifying into a hurricane near Barbados
Formed October 29, 2010
Dissipated November 11, 2010
(Extratropical after November 7)
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 100 mph (155 km/h)
Lowest pressure 982 mbar (hPa); 29 inHg
Fatalities 71 total
Damage $741 million (2010 USD)
Areas affected Windward Islands, Leeward Antilles, Greater Antilles and Lucayan Archipelago
Part of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Tomas was the latest recorded tropical cyclone on a calendar year to strike the Windward Islands. The nineteenth named storm and twelfth hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season, Tomas developed from a tropical wave east of the Windward Islands on October 29. Quickly intensifying into a hurricane, it moved through the Windward Islands and passed very near Saint Lucia. After reaching Category 2 status on the Saffir-Simpson scale, Tomas quickly weakened to a tropical storm in the central Caribbean Sea, due to strong wind shear and dry air. Tomas later regained hurricane status as it reorganized near the Windward passage.

Throughout the hurricane's path, 71 people are known to have been killed, 14 of whom were in Saint Lucia. Monetary losses throughout the Windward Islands were estimated at US$588 million, mainly in Saint Lucia. In the wake of the storm in Haiti, flooding intensified an ongoing cholera outbreak indirectly causing more fatalities. According to a report released in December 2010, 55 people were killed in Cuba and Hispanola, though the distribution of these fatalities are unknown. Overall damage from the storm was at least $741 million.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

A tropical wave, or elongated low-pressure area, exited the western coast of Africa on October 24.[1] It moved hastily westward across the tropical Atlantic at a comparatively low latitude, becoming embedded within the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[2][3] During this time the wave's structure retained a vigorous appearance;[1] the western portion contained scattered convection, with strong thunderstorms, as well as a broad area of rotating winds.[3] On October 27, when the system was about 1,200 miles (1,940 km) east-southeast of the Windward Islands, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted favorable atmospheric conditions for tropical cyclogenesis, namely light wind shear.[4] The wave and its expansive convection amplified over the next two days, featuring hints of spiraling rainbands.[1][5] A Hurricane Hunters aircraft investigating the disturbance on October 29 observed a developing circulation with storm-force winds at sea level.[6] In light of those features, the NHC estimated that the system became a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC that day, about 460 mi (740 km) southeast of Barbados, and further upgraded it to Tropical Storm Tomas six hours later.[1][7]

On its inception, Tomas turned toward the northwest and decelerated[1] within a region of low wind shear and high tropical moisture—two of the prime prerequisites of rapid intensification. A misalignment between the cyclone's low- and upper-level circulations impeded this strengthening potential, however, and at that time the NHC did not expect Tomas to attain hurricane status until 36 to 48 hours later.[7] Steered along high pressure to its north, the storm retraced slightly west-northwestward on its approach to the Windward Islands.[1][8] Despite the prior forecasts of moderated strengthening, Tomas' winds sharply increased to 60 mph (95 km/h) by late October 29;[9] moreover, the outflow aloft became well established in all quadrants as the convection consolidated into a prominent rain band.[10] The center of the intensifying storm crossed southern Barbados the next morning, around 09:00 UTC.[1] Radar images from Martinique soon revealed the formation of an eye;[8] Tomas attained hurricane status a couple of hours later, about 35 miles (55 km) east of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, after Hurricane Hunters recorded surface winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). By that time, the eye measured 35–46 mi (56–74 km) in diameter.[11]

A weakening Tropical Storm Tomas over the Atlantic

Tomas continued to strengthen through October 30 as it moved generally west- to west-northwestward. Around 20:00 UTC, the eye traversed the northern shores of Saint Vincent, while the northernmost ring of the severest winds skirted Saint Lucia.[1] Subsequent reports from Hurricane Hunters and post-storm reanalysis indicated that Tomas had reached a peak intensity with wind speeds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 982 mbar (hPa; 29.00 inHg) during its trek across the islands, making it a Category 2 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.[1][12] Although the NHC noted the potential for Tomas to become a major hurricane, the agency conversely observed that the hurricane had begun to suffer from southwesterly wind shear, which computer models forecast to increase in the long term.[12] On October 31, a combination of this shear and pockets of dry air dispersed the convection surrounding the eye, initiating a weakening trend.[13] Tomas diminished to a tropical storm early on November 1, when the strongest thunderstorms became dislocated from the low-level wind vortex by more than 115 mi (185 km).[1][14] Tomas meandered slightly south of west for a while, passing north of the ABC Islands overnight.[1][15] Although the upper wind regime relaxed into the next day, with an area of deep convection briefly reblossoming near Tomas' center,[15] the shear appeared to have already taken its toll on the storm. With an increasingly diffuse and elongated structure, Tomas further weakened to a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC, November 3, about 325 miles (520 km) southeast of Kingston, Jamaica.[1][16]

Following its deterioration, Tomas diverged toward the northwest over the central Caribbean.[1] The circulation lost further definition, adjoining a wide stretch of low pressures spanning the western Caribbean. A Hurricane Hunters mission to determine whether Tomas retained its status as a tropical cyclone found that the mean low-level circulation had reformed to the northeast of the previous center. Tomas reattained tropical storm strength late on November 3,[17][18] and although the low- and mid-level centers were initially nonaligned, slow restrengthening ensued into the next day.[19] Tomas turned northward ahead of an unseasonably strong deep-layered trough, circumnavigating the western periphery of the subtropical ridge.[1][20] Over a six-hour period, the cyclone's core thunderstorm activity became much more concentrated, with a corresponding quick drop in central pressure.[21] While turning northeastward into the Windward Passage, Tomas regained hurricane status around 0600 UTC on November 5, just 36 miles (58 km) west-southwest of the western tip of Haiti.[1][22]

Over the course of November 5, the hurricane accelerated northeastward in response to the approaching trough, passing right between eastern Cuba and western Haiti. Due to its proximity to land, the convection became disrupted near the center;[23] Tomas reweakened to a tropical storm near the Turks and Caicos Islands during a spell of moderate shear on November 6.[1] After moving through that island nation, Tomas briefly became a hurricane for a final time before hostile wind shear from the nearby trough fully began to take effect. In conjunction with increasingly dry air, the cyclone steadily weakened to a tropical storm on November 7. Tomas lost its tropical characteristics the next day, though it retained gale-force winds as an extratropical cyclone. It turned sharply eastward before curving northward, accelerated by a broad cyclonic steering flow over the western Atlantic the next couple of days. The cyclone subsequently raced off into the north Atlantic, until it was absorbed by another extratropical system a few hundred miles south of Newfoundland, Canada, on November 11.[1]

Preparations

Prior to the development of Tomas, the NHC noted the potential for heavy rainfall and strong wind gusts to spread across the Windward Islands, Venezuela, and northern Guyana, due to the tropical wave of which later developed into Hurricane Tomas.[24] Upon development of Tropical Storm Tomas, most of the Windward Islands were put under a tropical storm warning, issued by their respective Governments; a tropical storm watch was also issued for Dominica.[25] Six hours later as Tomas was nearly a hurricane, the tropical storm warning was replaced by a hurricane warning in Barbados, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, and Martinique; the tropical storm watch in Dominica was also upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[26]

In Barbados, people evacuated to schools and shelters for safety during the storm.[27] On St. Lucia, the government closed the island's two airports and ordered the closure of all businesses. Additionally, a large Creole festival was canceled due to the storm.[28] Officials in Trinidad and Tobago closed beaches across the country.[29] In St. Vincent, the National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) issued advisories that a tropical system was approaching the country. The rapid intensification of Tomas caught many citizens in St. Vincent off guard. Early on October 30, the Prime Minister addressed the nation and informed the country of the situation it was facing.

Following the west-southwesterly motion of the storm, swells generated by Tomas produced breaking waves on coastal sections of the ABC islands during the morning of November 1. Consequently, a small craft advisory was issued at 1415 UTC for all three islands.[30] In addition, a state of severe weather was declared for Bonaire and Curaçao during the passage of Tomas.[31] In Haiti, the country which was devastated earlier in the year from a deadly January 12 earthquake, government officials began preparing for possible impact from Tomas by October 30. One United Nations spokesperson remarked that a hurricane strike would be "the last thing Haiti needs".[27] The Haitian government issued an orange storm alert, one level short of the highest state of alert, and warned for the possibility of winds, thunderstorms, and flooding.[28]

Impact

Barbados and the Windward Islands

Tropical Storm Tomas reorganizing over the Caribbean Sea on November 4

As Tomas passed 20 miles (32 km) to the south of Barbados, it produced a wind gust of 63 mph (100 km/h), which damaged homes and power lines on the island.[32] There were also reports of blown off roofs, impassable roads and uprooted trees.[33] Later, a station on Saint Lucia recorded sustained winds of 48 mph (77 km/h), with gusts to 69 mph (110 km/h).[34] There was widespread damage to homes and power lines.[35] The winds destroyed the roof of a hospital and a school, with several trees and power lines blown down.[28] Additionally, a station on Martinique reported sustained winds of 72 mph (115 km/h), with gusts to 108 mph (173 km/h).[36]

Flood damage along the Cul de Sac River in Saint Lucia

On Saint Vincent, there were no deaths but two persons sustained serious injuries while trying to effect repairs to house roofs and two persons were reported missing. The two persons reported missing were found on November 1, off the island of Balliceaux. The National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) declared all areas from Park Hill to Owia on the eastern side and all areas from Belle Isle to Fitz Hughes on the western side disaster zones. It was also reported that the agriculture sector sustained over US$25 million(EC$67 million) worth of damage. Over 1200 people were forced to seek refuge in hurricane shelters across St. Vincent. About 600 houses lost their roofs. A lot of downed power lines, trees and landslides made some roads impassable but NEMO, the Bridges Roads and General Services Authority (BRAGSA) and the St. Vincent Electricity Services Company (VINLEC) were able to clear the main road by the November 1.

Saint Lucia arguably had sustained the worst damage from the storm overall. Throughout Saint Lucia, severe flooding and mudslides resulted in at least 7 fatalities confirmed by the Chief Medical Officer. According to a government minister, several other people were missing and buried in landslides.[37] By the morning of November 2, two more fatalities were confirmed on the island.[38]

Leeward Antilles

While passing the Windward Islands into the Caribbean Sea, Tomas produced strong winds and heavy rainfall on Isla Aves, located off the northern coast of Venezuela.[27]

Although the storm did not directly strike the ABC islands, one of its outer rainbands stalled over the region and intensified during the night of November 1 to November 2. Curaçao experienced its most extreme rain event in 40 years; as many as 10.4 inches (265 mm) were recorded over a 24-hour period in the eastern part of the island.[39] The majority of the rain fell overnight in a heavy downpour, accompanied by a severe thunderstorm that triggered large-scale power, TV and radio outages.[40][41] Lightning strikes sparked three large fires in a major oil refinery in Willemstad. The fires inflicted severe damage to several tanks, estimated at US$10 million.[42] Flights from Curaçao International Airport were delayed due to the hazardous conditions.[43]

Following hours of heavy rainfall, widespread floods made most roads in the region impassable, with dozens of cars swept away or stranded.[40] The rains filled dams and overwhelmed drains, causing them to overflow and exacerbating the flooding.[44] The towns of Saliña, Brievengat and Mahaai were among the hardest hit; hundreds of homes, gardens and businesses were inundated.[40][45] At the height of the rainstorm, a rescue worker assisting in the evacuation of a hospital was killed by the collapse of a wall. An elderly man suffering a heart attack drowned while unable to exit his flooded car.[46] Overall, Curaçao suffered some of its worst flooding in history; insured losses across the island exceeded NAƒ110 million (US$63 million), though total damage costs from Tomas were estimated at NAƒ200 million (US$115 million).[47]

Damage on the other two islands was much more limited. Parts of Bonaire experienced heavy but brief periods of rain, with a maximum of 3 inches (75 mm) at Flamingo International Airport, causing localized flooding of property. On Aruba, some thunder and moderate rainfall occurred, without significant consequences.[39] All schools across the islands were closed on November 2 and 3 as a result of the storm.[48]

Hurricane Tomas as it tracks across the Greater Antilles

Greater Antilles

Flooding from Tomas in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti, on November 6

After days of anticipation, Tomas arrived just offshore in Haiti on the morning of November 5. The storm intensified while brushing the disaster-weary nation, reattaining hurricane strength near the westernmost tip of Haiti. Torrential rains and tropical storm force winds buffeted the entire region. Within hours of the storm's arrival, flooding began to occur. In earthquake-ravaged Port-au-Prince, one of the largest refugee camps set up near the ruins of the capitol building was flooded following heavy rains.[49] By the evening of November 8, 20 people had been confirmed dead, 7 others were listed as missing and more than 30 000 people were in shelters.[50] Health workers also feared damage related to Tomas on the island could exacerbate the ongoing cholera outbreak.[51][52][53]

Tomas passed just to the east of Cuba hours later, but no significant damage was reported on the island.[54] As the outer bands of Hurricane Tomas began to impact Cuba, Aero Caribbean Flight 883, an ATR-72-212 aircraft, crashed near the town of Guasimal in Sancti Spíritus province. All 68 people on board the plane were killed on impact. Although the plane was the last to leave the airport in Santiago de Cuba before it closed due to Tomas, it is unknown what role, if any, the storm played in the crash.[55][56] Following a review of the crash, it was determined that severe ice accumulation, at an altitude of 20,000 ft (6,100 m), along with errors by the crew caused the incident.[57]

Elsewhere

Hurricane Tomas narrowly missed the Turks and Caicos, sparing the islands a direct hit and causing only minor flooding.[58]

Aftermath

Impact by country or region
County/Region Deaths Damage Source
Barbados 0 $8.5 million
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 $288 million
Saint Lucia 14 $588 million
Martinique 0 minimal
Trinidad and Tobago 0 $0.63 million
Curaçao 2 $115 million
Cuba 0 unknown [59]
Haiti 21 unknown
Total 37 ~$741 million

Estimates place the cost of damage in Barbados at BDS$17 million (~US$8.5 million).[60] Throughout the northern part of St. Vincent, the entire banana crop was lost. Press reports from the Prime Minister revealed that nearly every banana tree had been downed during the storm. The country's banana crop is a major source of income and jobs, accounting for roughly 60% of the workforce and 50% of the merchandise exported.[61]

Damage from the storm on Trinidad and Tobago amounted to TT$4 million (US$629,000).[62] Losses in Barbados reached Bds$17 million (US$8.4 million).[63] The Government of St. Lucia stated that damage from the storm could exceed US$100 million.[64] By November 5, the Prime Minister stated that damage from Tomas was roughly EC$1.3 billion ($500 million USD), five times higher than initially stated.[65]

Retirement

Due to the extent of damage across the Caribbean, the name Tomas was retired on March 16, 2011 by the World Meteorological Organization during their 33rd Hurricane Committee, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Tobias for the 2016 hurricane season.[66]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Tomas.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Pasch, Richard J.; Kimberlain, Todd B. (March 7, 2011). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Tomas (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  2. ↑ Patricia Wallace (2010-10-25). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  3. 1 2 Patricia Wallace (2010-10-25). "Tropical Weather Discussion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  4. ↑ Pasch/Kimberlain (2010-10-27). "Tropical Weather Outlook". Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  5. ↑ Pasch/Cangialosi (2010-10-28). "Tropical Weather Outlook". Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  6. ↑ Stewart/Cangialosi (2010-10-29). "Special Tropical Weather Outlook". Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  7. 1 2 Stacy Stewart (2010-10-29). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  8. 1 2 Michael Brennan (2010-10-30). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  9. ↑ Berg/Brown (2010-10-30). "Tropical Storm Tomas Special Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  10. ↑ Berg/Brown (2010-10-30). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  11. ↑ Berg/Brown (2010-10-30). "Hurricane Tomas Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  12. 1 2 Michael Brennan (2010-10-31). "Hurricane Tomas Discussion Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  13. ↑ Cangialos/Brown (2010-10-31). "Hurricane Tomas Discussion Ten". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  14. ↑ Robbie Berg (2010-11-01). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Twelve". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
  15. 1 2 Cangialosi/Brown (2010-11-02). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Eighteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-02.
  16. ↑ Pasch/Roberts (2010-11-03). "Tropical Depression Tomas Discussion Twenty-One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  17. ↑ Jack Beven (2010-11-03). "Tropical Depression Tomas Discussion Twenty-Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  18. ↑ Jack Beven (2010-11-03). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Twenty-Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  19. ↑ Kimberlain/Pasch (2010-11-04). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Twenty-Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  20. ↑ Landsea/Beven (2010-11-05). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Twenty-Seven". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  21. ↑ Stacy Stewart (2010-11-05). "Tropical Storm Tomas Discussion Twenty-Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  22. ↑ Kimberlain/Pasch (2010-11-05). "Hurricane Tomas Discussion Twenty-Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  23. ↑ Jack Beven (2010-11-05). "Hurricane Tomas Discussion Thirty". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
  24. ↑ Brown/Berg (2010-10-29). "Tropical Weather Outlook". Retrieved 2010-10-29.
  25. ↑ Stacy Stewart (2010-10-29). "Tropical Storm Tomas Public Advisory One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  26. ↑ Berg/Brown (2010-10-30). "Tropical Storm Tomas Public Advisory Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  27. 1 2 3 Staff Writer (2010-10-30). "Hurricane Tomas forms in eastern Caribbean". Montreal Gazette. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  28. 1 2 3 Staff Writer (2010-10-30). "Tomas becomes hurricane, threatens east Caribbean". USAToday. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  29. ↑ Staff Writer (2010-10-30). "Avoid the Beaches". Trinidad Express. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  30. ↑ "Cyclone advisory no. 9". Meteorological Department Curaçao. November 1, 2010. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  31. ↑ (Papiamento) "Advertensia pa mal tempu ta na vigor pa Boneiru i Kòrsou". Meteorological Department Curaçao. November 1, 2010. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  32. ↑ Stewart/Cangialosi (2010-10-30). "Tropical Storm Tomas Intermediate Advisory Four-A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  33. ↑ "Barbados feels brunt of Tropical Storm Tomas". October 30, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  34. ↑ Stacy Stewart (2010-10-30). "Hurricane Tomas Intermediate Advisory Five-A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  35. ↑ Stewart, Stacy. "Hurricane Tomas Advisory Number 6". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  36. ↑ http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/antilles/pack-public/cyclone/saison2010/Tomas_VBB_3.pdf
  37. ↑ "Hurricane kills 14 people in St Lucia". BBC News. 2010-11-02.
  38. ↑ "Tomas blamed for 14 deaths in St Lucia – Caribbean360". Caribbean360.com. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  39. 1 2 Drayer, Dick (November 11, 2010). "Meteo rapporteert over Tomas" (in Dutch). Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  40. 1 2 3 "Doden door noodweer op Curaçao" (in Dutch). Netherlands National News Agency. November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  41. ↑ "Doden door regenval op Curaçao" (in Dutch). NOS Nieuws. November 2, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  42. ↑ Sharlon Monart (November 3, 2010). "Miljoenenschade Tomas aan woningen, winkels en bedrijven" (in Dutch). Aworaki. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
  43. ↑ Leoni Leidel (November 2, 2010). "Vluchten vertraagd" (in Dutch). versgeperst.com. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  44. ↑ Staff Writer (November 2, 2010). "Damdoorbraken in Curaçao door storm Tomas" (in Dutch). Nieuws.nl. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  45. ↑ Monart, Sharon (November 3, 2010). "Tomas ontregelt Curaçao" (in Dutch). Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  46. ↑ Leoni Leidel (November 2, 2010). "Tomas eist twee levens" (in Dutch). versgeperst.com. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  47. ↑ Sharlon Monart (November 25, 2010). "Helft schade Tomas niet te verhalen" (in Dutch). Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  48. ↑ Mirjam Bernadina-Lonnee (November 2, 2010). "Tomas sluit scholen" (in Dutch). versgeperst.com. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  49. ↑ Agence-France-Presse (November 5, 2010). "Rain hits Haiti, flooding refugee camp". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
  50. ↑ Associated Press (November 8, 2010). "Haiti death toll from Hurricane Tomas rises to 20, flooding raises cholera concerns". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  51. ↑ "english.aljazeera.net". english.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  52. ↑ Comercio, El (November 2, 2010). "Huracán Tomas se fortalece mientras avanza hacia Haití y Cuba". El Comercio.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  53. ↑ Guerrero, Miguel Maury (November 5, 2010). "Informan que no hay víctimas en Cuba por paso de huracán". Granma Internacional (in Spanish). Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  54. ↑ General Staff, Civil Defense (November 5, 2010). "Information Bulletin No. 3 for Tropical Storm Tomas". Granma Internacional. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  55. ↑ "Plane With 68 Said to Crash in Cuba". New York Times. November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
  56. ↑ Simon Hradecky (November 4, 2010). "Crash: Aerocaribbean AT72 near Guasimal on Nov 4th 2010, impacted ground after emergency call". The Aviation Herald. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
  57. ↑ Staff Writer (December 17, 2010). "Severe ice, crew errors cause Cuban plane crash". Xinhua. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  58. ↑ "Tomas misses Turks and Caicos". Turks and Caicos SUN. 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  59. ↑ "Temporada ciclónica de 2010 en el Atlántico Norte –". Instituto de Metorologia de Cuba. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
  60. ↑ Brancker, Nadia (November 8, 2010). "Business to get moving in Barbados". The Barbados Advocate. p. Pg 2. Retrieved November 12, 2010. ...as well as the fall out from the passage of Tropical Storm Tomas, 20 miles to the South of Barbados causing damages estimated at BDS$17 million.
  61. ↑ Joel Julien (November 1, 2010). "Vital banana crop wiped out". Trinidad Express. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  62. ↑ Agile Telecom Ltd. and Xidemia (2010-11-02). "Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  63. ↑ —Cmc (2010-11-01). "Barbados could get $17m in insurance for Tomas damage | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  64. ↑ "Hurricane Tomas kills 12 in St Lucia – Breaking & Current Jamaica News –". Jamaicaobserver.com. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  65. ↑ Agile Telecom Ltd. and Xidemia (2010-11-06). "Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
  66. ↑ Dennis Feltgen (March 16, 2011). "Two Tropical Cyclone Names Retired from List of Atlantic Storms" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
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