Holy Week in Salamanca

Holy Week in Salamanca (Semana Santa de Salamanca) is the most important religious event of Salamanca, Spain. It is celebrated in the week leading up to Easter (Holy Week among Christians).

Paso of El Cristo de los Doctrinos

During Holy Week, 16 fraternities feature 22 processions of pasos, floats of realistic wooden sculptures narrating scenes of the events of the Passion of Christ, or images of the Virgin Mary showing grief. Some of the sculptures are several centuries old and were created by important Spanish artists such as Luis Salvador Carmona, Alejandro Carnicero or Mariano Benlliure. Hundreds of penitents or cofrades take part on the parades, either carrying the pasos or walking the old streets of the city with crosses, flags or candles. Thousands of people, locals and visitors attend the events.

The city of Salamanca was declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. The historic center offers a unique and attractive background for this celebration. The old streets and the impressive sites and landmarks provide the perfect atmosphere for the processions.

As a reflection of its cultural, historic and spiritual importance, Holy Week in Salamanca was declared Fiesta of International Tourist Interest of Spain in 2003.[1]

The Processions

Processions are the main event of Semana Santa in Salamanca. Every fraternity organizes its own procession. Some of them organize more than one parade during the week, following the Castilian tradition. Generally speaking the processions walk through the city center, from their home Church to the Cathedral and Plaza Mayor or surroundings. However, there are a few exceptions that make every parade unique.

All processions have the same structure:

Flag of the brotherhood of the Donkey

Some processions do not use bands, walking just with the accompaniment of choirs or wind instrument trios such as the Cristo de la Liberación. The Vera Cruz walks in complete silence on its procession in Monday of Holy Week.

Typically, a procession can be made up from a few hundred to near 3,000 brothers (Loneliness brotherhood for example) and last anywhere from 4 to 7 hours. The largest processions can take over an hour to cross one particular spot.

The Pasos

The pasos are the core of the festival. They consist of a wooden sculpture or group of sculptures that narrates a scene from the Passion of Christ. They are carried by porters in a platform or staves. The porters are called hermanos de paso or brothers of the paso. Men and women carry the floats. A minority of pasos are carried on structures with wheels due to its heaviness.

Procession of The Agony for whom the Dolorosa was made by Inocencio Soriano Montagut in 1939, Thursday of Holy Week

Some of the pasos of Salamanca were created by important artist and are considered great art pieces. These are some examples:

The pasos are usually ornated with flowers, white for the Virgin and red or purple for Jesus.

Procession of El Flagelado in the Plaza Mayor, Wednesday of Holy Week

The Days of Holy Week

Below is a list of the brotherhoods which make penance each day, as of 2013.

Friday of Sorrows

Palm Sunday

Monday of Holy Week

Tuesday of Holy Week

Wednesday of Holy Week

Procession of The Agony, Thursday of Holy Week

Thursday of Holy Week

Good Friday

The Virgin of Pieta by Luis Salvador Carmona is a Baroque masterpiece

Saturday of Holy Week

Band in the Procession of The Meeting, Easter Sunday

Easter Sunday

History

The earliest references about penance processions in Salamanca go back to 1240, when the first penitents were organized around the Franciscans.

In 1506 the Cofradia de la Vera Cruz (Brotherhood of the True Cross) was established in the Convent of San Francisco, following the medieval tradition. Starting in the 16th century, this fraternity run a Hospital and a Print. The brothers also built their own church.

With the Council of Trento (1545 - 1563) and the Counterreformation popular piety was supported by the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, processions became even more important, specially those of Corpus Christi and Holy Week. Also, during the Baroque period wooden pasos were introduced as we know them today and became essential to the Holy Week commemoration.

In 1615 the Cofradía de la Vera Cruz established the Acto del Descendimiento or Descent from the Cross and the Procesión del Santo Entierro or Holy Entombment of Christ Procession. In 1616 was celebrated for the first time the Procesión del Encuentro or the Resurrection Procession. These celebrations had two intentions: the first one was to teach the illiterate people of Salamanca the events of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ. These baroque celebrations were very theatrical so anyone could understand the sacred history. The second intention was to provide an organized penance processions to the sinners. The only fraternity allowed to perform these celebrations was the Vera Cruz.

Commemoration of the Descent from the Cross by the Brotherhood of la Vera Cruz

These processions are performed in the present and are the quintessential events of the Holy Week in Salamanca.

The Chapel of the Brotherhood of la Vera Cruz

La Vera Cruz became very powerful and wealthy in the 18th century. The brothers commissioned to the Churriguera family a lavish decoration of their church that includes three altar pieces, holding in its interior not only the pasos but many other art pieces such as paintings and silverware. During this century, the fraternity also commissioned the best sculptures for the processions such as La Flagelación, Ecce Homo by Alejandro Carnicero or La Dolorosa by Felipe del Corral. This pasos still are some of the best examples of baroque art in Salamanca.

In the 18th and 19th centuries other fraternities joined the processions of la Vera Cruz: Jesús Nazareno did so in 1715 thus was created in 1688, Jesús Rescatado in 1860 (created in 1689) and La Soledad in 1890 (origins in 1645). These processions were celebrated exclusively in Good Friday and Easter Sunday.

In the 20th century were established the majority of the fraternities. Since 1900's there was an increasing interest in improving the Holy Week in Salamanca. Guilds and professional unions took action and created more brotherhoods. In 1913 the retailers created a section inside la Vera Cruz that a few years later would become the brotherhood of Jesús Flagelado. In 1926 the local Chamber of trade and commerce created the Cristo de la Agonia again in the convent of the franciscans. Some other improvements were made to the already existing pasos and fraternities.

Brothers of the Cofradía del Amor y de la Paz (Love and Peace)

After the Spanish Civil War 9 more fraternities were created. Since the mid 1940s there were processions everyday from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday in Salamanca. The social atmosphere of the Franquism was very supportive of this kind of Catholic celebration. At the end of the Dictatorship of General Franco Holy Week in Salamanca experienced a deep crisis. Many fraternities stopped their activities and some of them were extinguished. The participants were so few that the entire celebration was on the edge of disappearance.

However, in 1971 a new brotherhood was created, the Cristo del Amor y de la Paz (Jesus of Love and Peace). This fraternity updated the celebration and included the new lines proposed in the Vatican Council II. Their actions greatly helped to recover the interest of the locals in the Semana Santa.

Between 1984 and 2008, 4 new fraternities have been created, and many new pasos have been introduced. Nowadays, 10,000 people have joined the fraternities and participate in the processions.

In 2003 Holy Week in Salamanca was declared Fiesta of International Tourist Interest of Spain.

Singularities

Holy Week in Salamanca features a number of distinctive singularities that make this festival specially appealing for visitors.

References

  1. ↑ http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2003-7514
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