Holy Week in Popayán

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Holy Week processions in Popayán
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Location Popayán, Colombia
Type Intangible cultural heritage
Reference 00259
UNESCO region Latin America and the Caribbean
Inscription history
Inscription 2009 (33rd Session)

The Holy Week in Popayán, Cauca (Colombia), is the celebration of the Passion and death of Jesus Christ through daily processions continuously performed since the sixteenth century between Good Friday nights and Holy Saturday. This parade takes place in the ancient streets of the "White City". Religious images of Spanish, Andalusian, Quito, Italian and Payanes arranged on a wooden platform with 4 front and 4 back "barrotes" (bars) are carried in the shoulders of the "Cargueros". These images are representations of different episodes recounted in the Gospels on the Passion, Crucifixion and Death of Jesus Christ. Each performance is a "paso" (step). The steps are taken through the streets, a distance of a cross-shaped layout since the time of the Conquest, passing by the main churches and temples of the city.

On September 30, 2009 it was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO committee.[1]

History

From the time of the conquest, Popayan has the first information about processions made by the King entrusted those carrying large crosses and in the form of penance and mourning whipped through the principal streets of the parade behind the sacrum was performed. In 1558 Philip II signed the royal charters authorizing the processions in Popayán. With the advance of the time the parade grew and became very important, as was the case that by the early seventeenth century, an edict was issued by the authorities demanded the beautification of the balconies and the houses where the procession pass. The chronicler José María Vergara y Vergara in one of his writings from 1859 described the weeks of Popayán as a solemn and important to the people every year payanés received him with fervor and faith.

Our Lady of Sorrows. Image Spanish eighteenth century

The processions were acquired great importance and size over the years since it was increasing the number of images and ornaments that were enriched, this was thanks to economic and social development through the city during the Spanish period because Popayan became the political and economic center of the colony settled here since colonial institutions as the Royal Mint of Spain. Mining development in the Governorate of Popayán that processions will help great contribution in gold jewelry, silver and emeralds that embellished the images with crowns and jewels, the seats and litter. Mining was powered by Indian slave labor. Slaves had a life expectancy of three years. It was said one could never lose one´s way to the mines of Popayán because the roads were lined with bones of dead Indians. Hanke, Louis. Las Casas and the Spanish Struggle for Justice in the New World. Most of the development of the procession was in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth Española.La colonial period most of the images are of Spanish origin and Quito as they were the most prominent art schools of the time, the gold in is mostly payanesa.[2]

In the nineteenth century begins the period of independence and reduces the development in the processions due to war because most of the money was used for the cause of liberation. By the twentieth century it was the same for the economic crisis that lived Colombia.

The Processions

The processions of Holy Week opens with Cruz Alta, which is often accompanied by the acolytes, and with them the bell or on Good Friday for the rattle. These are followed by the military band of the National Police of Colombia, then follow the steps, headed by the passage of St. John the Evangelist (Holy Tuesday through Thursday), and ending every night with the Sorrowful (Tuesday through Good Friday ).

During every night of the Easter parade between 9 and 17 steps leading up images of Christ, the Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist, St. Peter, Mary Magdalene, Veronica, and other important characters in Holy Week. The steps are echos on wooden platforms with 4 "bars" front and 4 back to the shoulders of those responsible for transporting (Cargo), only the steps leading up images of Christ and the Virgin Mary carrying the Palio or seat in symbol royalty, some are made in fine fabrics and gold embroidery. Some steps are wood carvings in their portfolios (and front sides of the step). Good Friday steps carry their wallets in tortoiseshell. Images are Spanish, Andalusian, Quito, Italian and Payan of the XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX.

16th Century

Since the time of the foundation of Popayan have the first information about processions being documented from 1556. Such processions were made by encomendador is the King who carried large crosses and form of penance and mourning flogged through the main streets behind the sacrum parade was held. In 1558, Philip II signed the royal decree authorizing processions in Popayan.

When the processions in 1556 began had been prepared by the displaced natives who came from Peru, a conspiracy against Popayan to try to reconquer the city and when they reached the hills that surrounded it in the evening hours saw an endless line of moving lights that enveloped her and imagining that it was a gigantic army with torches and spears terrified withdrew when in fact it was the procession of penitents Thursday Santo, narrating Juan de Castellanos in their Elegies of illustrious men of the Indies[3]

17th Century

With the advance of time parades they grew and became very important, as was the case for early 17th century was issued with a edict by the authorities demanding the beautification of balconies and house s where the processions pass. The chronicler Jose Maria Vergara and Vergara in one of his writings in the year 1859 described the greatest week of Popayan as a solemn and important act for Payanes people each year received it with fervor and faith.[4]

its origin and organization is also due to the brotherhoods that began in Popayan for years after the founding of this city. Among the brotherhoods that stand out they are:

18th Century

The processions were gaining importance and size over the years since it was increasing the number of images and ornament s that were enriching, this occurred for economic and social development through the city during the Spanish period because Popayan became the economic and political center of the colony[9] since settled here colonial institutions like the Royal house of the Currency of Spain. Mining development of the government of Popayan helped the processions receive great contribution in jewelry and apparel gold, silver and emeralds and other gemstones that adorned the pictures, the seats are embroidered with gold and the litter were painted with gold leaf. Most of the development of the processions was in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries period of the Spanish Colony. Most of the images are of Spanish and quiteño origin as they were the most important imaginary schools of the time, the goldsmith mostly is payanesa[10]

19th Century

When Simon Bolivar returned triumphant after the Battle of Ayacucho in the last week of October 1826, in Popayan complement many banquets and attention, organized in his honor a similar procession the Easter, which left the Church of St. Augustine and passed in front of the balconies of the house of the seventh race with sixth street where he stayed Simon Bolivar with his entourage from 24 to 30 October as evidenced by a plaque beside his entry port[11]

On 14 April 1840, under the presidency of Jose Ignacio de Marquez and during the uprising in the south called the "War convents or supreme "Jose Maria Obando and Juan Gregorio known as the Sarria" supreme ", leave their weapons during the holy week to participate in the procession of holy Tuesday dresses freighters to Seville style as was the custom of the time, it is say with the hood covering his face. Thus carrying the spikes in hand, head to the Church of St. Augustine to take their respective bars in the passage of the Dolorosa and fulfill as freighters. To this date the procession went out at seven o'clock in the evening. However as a security measure Obando and Sarria take their bars on the corner of the street Mascarón (street and traditionally in Popayan).

The regional government, under the command of Manuel José Castrillón, learns the presence of Obando and Sarria in the procession and orders the end of the parade, the insurgent leaders are arrested. The town of Popayan was favored Obando then prepares for help and avoid being taken prisoner and for this his friends and colleagues agree signal "dove". The plan was launched at the corner of Chapel of Jesus Nazareno where illuminants off their candles and "dove" they said picking up the pace of Our Lady of Sorrows. It is from this point where the tradition of the parrot poachers begins.

The general Obando and Sarria to escape. The next day the governor Castrillon gave the order for the freighters carry the face uncovered, a custom that continues to this day, like the word "pigeon" used to load the steps a few blocks to the entrance and exit each parade.

On Palm Sunday he left the picture of Mr. Trump, this was sitting on ass, procession started from the temple of the company and toured the center city. url = http | until 1857[12]

With the civil war of 1876 some families fleeing from Popayan to Ecuador. At this time it was thought that the processions definitely would end, as was the case since this event the procession of Easter Monday ends, but by the intervention of small groups of religious people the processions managed to resurface.[13]

In the 19th century during independence from Colombia development decreases in processions due to war because most of the money was used for the liberation cause.

20th Century

For the 20th century the same thing happened for the economic crisis that Colombia lived. In 1937 the Master Guillermo Valencia, decided to form a Civic Council to take care to preserve that tradition and 1939 said board received official recognition by the ordinance No. 14 issued by the Assembly of Cauca. The new body was given the name of 'Board Permanent Pro Easter Popayan' [14]

In one of the nights of Easter, referring to sahumadoras from one of the balconies of the city the Chilean poet Julio Barrenechea told Jorge Enrique Velasco:[15]

Look, there comes a poem of mine: ' "she takes up the tray with the fire between camellias and the fire glows and eyes, face Black And going walked still perfuming the sidewalks while.. the town looks after crying candles " [16]

Some rains forced to suspend the processions. On Holy Thursday, March 31, 1938, when it was not possible to draw the procession the next day marched three extra steps after having had to intervene Guillermo Valencia to achieve because freighters desire to not endured load that year.

In the Easter of 1964 it rained for three days from Tuesday to Thursday and no procession managed to completely finish its route, cargo ships managed by the Board and the Archdiocese of Popayan in compensation authorize take 22 steps the Friday instead of 12 who were scheduled, so it was necessary to use 176 freighters.

Some steps have fallen by breaking any of the bars as in the case of "judgment" of Maundy Thursday in 1940 in the street trade and "logos" against the Popayan Teatro Friday of 1949, to break the bar of the front right corner.

On 22 March 1951 Mr. Don Arcesius Velasco Iragorri "The Cripple" died in front of the Church of San Jose the Holy Wednesday loading the passage of "The Taking "on the right front. This is one of the heaviest steps for its size and proportions of images. Since 1952 the passage of "The Arrest" to reach the Church of San Jose, pays homage to its freighter deceased is called "The Touch" where family members give continuity to the legacy of "Lad", and friends say the step on his shoulders for a minute, commemorating the fact fateful March 22.

21st century

In recent years the processions have been enriched with new steps, such as Jesus' encounter with the women on the street of bitterness, Mr. expiration, The Descent, The transfer of Christ to the tomb, our lady virgin Easter, our lord Jesus Christ resurrected, among other images made by Spanish and Ecuadorian imaginary.

From 21 February to 3 April 2003 the National Museum of Colombia presented in its temporary exhibition hall and alternates hall, an exhibition called "Holy Week in Popayán. The procession goes inside" made up of steps, gold and silver ornaments, pictures, litter and textiles, becoming the first out processions outside Popayan[3]

Ceremonies and processions

Processions of Holy Week opens with the processional cross or high cross, which is often accompanied by the acolyte s with them bell or in the case of Good Friday the noisemaker. These are followed by the gang war of National Police of Colombia, then follow the steps, headed by the passage of St. John Evangelist (Tuesday Holy Thursday), death (Good Friday), the paschal candle (Holy Saturday) and ending every night with painful (Tuesday to Friday) and the holy Sabbath with our lord Jesus Christ resurrected. The last step is preceded by the pastor of each temple where part of the procession. The band of musicians Infantry Battalion No. VII "Jose Hilario Lopez" and the rifle company battalion No. VII "Jose Hilario Lopez" of National Army of Colombia are the last in parading behind the last step. In the intermediate steps also involved the band of musicians Colombian Air Force, the chamber orchestra of Permanent Board Pro Easter Popayan and the choirs of the Choral Society Obrero -coral Pabon and the Universidad del Cauca interpreting different miserere s songs of the Christian liturgy. Every night parading different steps with different images as each procession of different temples,

Thursday of pregón

On Thursday before Good Friday in the church of Santo Domingo after the Eucharist, the cry is done, act which is given to all events held during holy week in Popayan, act in which the whole community of Popayan and visitors participate. The opening speech is directed by a member of the Board Permanent Pro Easter Popayan selected previously called crier.

Good Friday

This procession begins and ends at the Church of St. Augustine. The president of the youth group Pro Easter Permanent board of Popayan and other members are the ones who carry the standard of the permanent board pro Easter. the steps are:

St.

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Saturday before Palm Sunday

This day is usually chosen for cleaning, armed, and mounted the images on the steps parade during Holy Week, in every temple where they leave the processions trustees and freighters who are responsible for this task together. On this day the litter arm themselves and their images are mounted, but not their ornaments or wreaths but only put up the day procesionan these steps. In itself this day most of trustees made the cotejas to balance the weight of the step in the respective freighters. The steps remain exposed in churches until the day of procession later this will be disarmed until next Easter.

Palm Sunday

The Holy Ecce homo parades during processions on Palm Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday santo

Starting from the sanctuary of Bethlehem, the first proper procession of Easter payanesa, down by "quingos", to the city and goes to the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption of Popayan, where he concludes.

Instead of candles, clergy, communities, congregations, religious associations and the Christian people of Popayan porta palms blessed in all the temples of the city, to symbolize the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem. To solemnize their parade also attend the bishop, the board pro Easter and the liquidator in the step Master who carries the Ecce Homo standard of the board and members of the order Alcayata.[17] The steps are: Order the parade:

Easter Monday

In the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption of Popayan and after the Mass celebrated by the Archbishop of Popayan, and the pro-junta Easter impose the decoration of the Alcayata gold who "have behaved proudly on his shoulders the images of their devotion "and deliver the Cross of alderman and commendations to people who have contributed to the conservation and beautification tradición.[18]

Easter Tuesday

Procession 'Our lady Dolores',[19] starts and ends at the church of St. Augustine. The Lord Mayor of the city, its secretaries and council members carry the standard of the permanent board pro Easter. the steps are: Order the parade:

Simultaneous events during Holy Week

During Holy Week or Easter Week the city is also home to the Religious Music Festival, which began in 1960 as an initiative of Edmundo Troya Mosquera, after his death, it is administered by his widow Stella Dupont Arias and his sons Juan Manuel and Ana Isabel Mosquera Dupont. It involves choirs, soloists and artists from around the world, and it is specialized in sacred music. It also carries out national sample Golden Hands craft, which exhibits the work of artists in the country.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00259|editorial=UNESCO Culture Sector
  2. ↑ http://www.museonacional.gov.co/sites/popayan/popayan2.html
  3. 1 2 National Museum of Colombia. "Cinco centuries of processions". Exhibition Holy Week in Popayán. The procession goes inside the National Museum of Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  4. ↑ Cuervo de Jaramillo, Elvira (2003). "Holy Week in Popayán. The procession goes inside" (in Spanish). National Museum of Colombia, temporary exhibitions, Holy Week in Popayan. p. 26. ISBN 958-8159-70-9. Retrieved 21 February 2003.
  5. ↑ "Popayán" (in Spanish). University of California. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  6. ↑ Barred Nacelle, Joseph (2003). The Dominicans and the New World centuries XVIII-XIX (in Spanish). San Esteban. p. 220. ISBN 9788487557767. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Arboleda Llorente, José María (2003). Popayan and Easter Temples and procesiones (in Spanish). University of Texas. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  8. ↑ historical and chronological compendium of the bishopric of Popayan (in Spanish). University of Texas. 2003. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  9. ↑ Pantoja Barco, Rosita Andrea (2008). "first". Aphrodite baroque: Fragments for the study of a sensitivity of culture: Popayan, XVII and XVIII. Editorial Abya Yala. p. 43. ISBN 9789978227626. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  10. ↑ "Five centuries of processions". Retrieved 21 February 2003.
  11. ↑ Calero Mercado, Charles (1982). "23.2 Triumphal tour". Chair Bolivariana. let's meet Bolívar (in Spanish). Standard. p. 115. ISBN 84-8276-373-3. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  12. ↑ "The Easter in Popayan" (in Spanish). 1857. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  13. ↑ Jaime Fletcher Feijoo, Holy Week processions in Popayan. Something for cargueros.1950
  14. ↑ Junta Permanent Pro Easter (ed.). "Creation of the Permanent Board Pro Week Santa". Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  15. ↑ Jorge Enrique Velasco - Lotus - the eternal religious in Popayan - 1955
  16. ↑ Barrenechea, July (2010). "Black of Sahumerio". one hundred poems, one voz (in Spanish). RIL Publishers. pp. 89, 90, 91. ISBN 978-956-284-764-3. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  17. ↑ http://www.juntaprosemanasantapopayan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=2
  18. ↑ http://www.juntaprosemanasantapopayan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74&Itemid=2
  19. ↑ http://www.juntaprosemanasantapopayan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=2
  20. 1 2 Vergara and Vergara, José María (1857). "Holy Week in Popayan" (in Spanish). Retrieved March 4, 2013.

Coordinates: 4°36′56″N 74°04′08″W / 4.6155°N 74.0690°W / 4.6155; -74.0690

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