High grading

The term high grading in forestry, fishing and mining relates to selectively harvesting goods, to “cut the best and leave the rest”. In mining, it can also be a term for theft.

Forestry

In forestry, high grading is a selective type of timber harvesting that removes the highest grade of timber (i.e. the most merchantable stems ) in an area of forest. The stunted, slow growing or poorly formed trees that are left as residuals will, if ecological conditions permit, reseed the space that has been created. Over time the practice of high grading can therefore give rise to forest stands containing stems of less value in terms of timber quality. It is different from Selection cutting.

Not only are economic forestry aspects destroyed, but also ecological values are threatened. The forests so managed will be degraded in terms of biodiversity, genetic diversity and species mix. The variety needed of different ages and species mixes will be threatened and funding good silvicultural practices will be harder without an even flow of value from timber, non-timber forest products and other land values such as hunting, wildlife watching or amenity use of forests. Forests may become unsafe for people to go in them due to a large amount of unmanaged trees at risk falling on them in a storm.^[1]

The opposite of this practice is low grading, where the lower quality trees are periodically harvested, making the genetic stock faster growing and of better timber quality. Such stems might well be taken by use of thinning methods as part of a thinning régime, especially via the thinning from below method.

Fishing

High grading is a practice of selectively harvesting fish so that only the best quality fish are brought ashore. The practice is popular in situations under individual fishing quotas where only a limited number of fish are allowed to be harvested. Following the letter, but not the spirit of the law, fish are caught, and if not considered optimal, thrown back into the ocean. The practice of high grading allows fishers to get higher prices for their limited catch but is environmentally destructive because many of the fish returned to the water die.^[2] This was an issue with the EU regulation of fisheries. Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, a celebrity chef, led a campaign against this with a TV show called Hugh´s Fish Fight, which successfully lobbied for a change in EU law to reduce the waste (discards) from thrown back fish in sea fishery.^[3]

Mining

In mining, high grading refers to mining out the portions of the orebody that has the highest grade of material to be mined, however it may also refer to the concealment and theft of valuable gold or silver ore by miners for personal profit. Common in the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century, high graders would usually conceal gold ore in a pocket or lunch pail, or within the body, and later attempt to fence it on the black market.

As mining companies became more aware of the growing problem, they built changing stations where they forced the miners to shower after their shift in the mines, making it easier to foil attempts at theft.

“HIGH GRADING AT TONOPAH.” The arrest of four men for high grading took place at Tonopah last Friday morning as the men were coming off shift at the McNamara mine. The men arrested are William Turner, vice president of the Tonopah miners' union; Tom Conifrey, Tom Cunningham and Patrick Flanigan. They were caught with the rich ore concealed upon their persons, and is it said that nearly a wagonload of ore was recovered from the residences of the high graders. These men have been suspected for a long time, and Friday morning the entire shift was held up and searched. All were lodged in the county jail, and two of them have since given bail. It is announced that they will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. -Rhyolite Herald, October 28, 1908

References

↑ Silviculture Concepts and Applications Ralph D. Nyland, Chapter 23 Other Partial Cuttings 2002
↑ http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/downloads/Settlement%20Workshop%20Materials/Literature/Davis.2002.pdf
↑ http://www.fishfight.net

External links

History of highgrading in California (mining)

Forestry

Outline Index Forest areas Ministries Research institutes Colleges Journals Arbor Day

Types	Agroforestry (dehesa) Analog forestry Bamboo forestry Close to nature forestry Community forestry Ecoforestry Energy forestry Mycoforestry Permaforestry Plantation forestry Social forestry Sustainable forestry Urban forestry World forestry

Ecology and management	Afforestation Arboriculture Controlled burn Dendrology Ecological thinning Even-aged management Fire ecology Forest informatics IPM inventory governance law old-growth pathology protection restoration secondary transition Forest certification ATFS CFS FSC PEFC SFI SmartWood Woodland Carbon Code Growth and yield modelling Horticulture (GM trees) i-Tree Reforestation (urban) Silviculture Sustainable management Tree allometry breeding Tree measurement crown girth height volume

Environmental topics	Acid rain Carbon sequestration Clearcutting Deforestation Ecological services Forest dieback Forest fragmentation High grading Illegal logging Invasive species REDD Shifting cultivation chitemene slash-and-burn slash-and-char svedjebruk Timber recycling Wildfire Wilding

Industries	Coppicing Forest farming Forest gardening Logging Manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling Products biochar biomass charcoal non-timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark Rail transport Tree farms (Christmas trees) Wood engineered fuel mahogany teak Woodworking

Occupations	Forester Arborist Bucker Choker setter Ecologist Feller Firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper River driver Truck driver Log scaler Lumberjack Ranger Resin tapper Rubber tapper Shingle weaver Timber cruiser Tree planter Wood process engineer

Forestry portal WikiProject Commons Category by continent by country education events history initiatives lists organizations tools equipment

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/14/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.