Gold mining in Western Australia

Gold mining in Western Australia

Position of Western Australia within Australia highlighted
Location
State Western Australia
Country Australia
Regulatory authority
Authority Department of Mines and Petroleum
Website Official website
Production
Commodity Gold
Production Increase 6.27 million troy ounces (195 tonnes)
Value Increase A$10 billion
Employees Increase 19,175 (2014-15)
Year 2015-16[1][2]

Gold mining in Western Australia is the fourth largest commodity sector in Western Australia, behind iron ore, crude oil and LNG, with a value of A$10 billion.[1]

Gold mining in Western Australia dates back to the 1880s but became a significant industry in the 1890s, following gold discoveries at Coolgardie in 1892 and Kalgoorlie in 1893. It reached an early peak in 1903, experienced a golden era in the 1930s and a revival in the mid-1980s. In between, the industry declined a number of times, like during the two world wars, experiencing an absolute low point in 1976.[3]

History

Early history

Until the 1870s the economy of the state was based on wheat, meat and wool. A major change in the state's fortunes occurred in the 1880s when gold was discovered and prospectors by the tens of thousands swarmed across the land in a desperate attempt to discover new goldfields. The discovery by Paddy Hannan, Tom Flanagan and Dan Shea at Kalgoorlie, and the early discoveries at Coolgardie, sparked true gold fever. In 1891 the rush to the Murchison goldfields began when Tom Cue discovered gold at the town which now bears his name. In the years that followed dozens of gold towns - Day Dawn, Nannine, Peak Hill, Garden Gully, Dead Finish, Pinnicles, Austin Island and Austin Mainland - flourished only to be abandoned when the seams were exhausted and the gold fever moved on.

The first gold rush occurred in 1885 when Charles Hall discovered alluvial gold in the Kimberley area. Further alluvial finds occurred across the state during the five years with finds in Marble Bar, Southern Cross and Yalgoo. From these discoveries the prospectors moved further a field. In 1892 by William Ford and Arthur Bayley set off a gold rush when they discovered gold in Coolgardie this would shortly expand to Kalgoorlie in 1893 and bring the state out of many years of economic doldrums.

In 1890, gold was discovered in the Norseman region at Dundas, 22 km south of present-day Norseman, followed in 1894 by a gold discovery near the future town of Norseman itself, by prospector Laurie Sinclair, who named the deposit after his horse, Hardy Norseman[4][5]

Sons of Gwalia Gold Mine c.1921

In 1896, the Sons of Gwalia mine, named after an archaic Welsh word for Wales, Gwalia, was established[6] by Welsh miners. Herbert Hoover, the later President of the United States, served as the mine manager in its early days from May to November 1898.[6][7]

In 1896, gold was discovered in the Wiluna region, which was then known as Lake Way, by three prospectors, George Woodley, James Wotton and Jimmy Lennon.[8] On 29 December 1897, a 460-ounce nugget was found in Wiluna, then the largest found in the colony of Australia. The location it was found at was later to become the spot for the power house of the Wiluna Gold Mine Limited, the operators of the early mine.[9]

In the late nineteenth century there was talk of the gold-rich regions around Kalgoorlie leaving the colony of Western Australia and becoming a state called Auralia if Western Australia did not join the Commonwealth. By 1900, more than a third of the states population was located in the Goldfields. The political influence of this population was demonstrated when the Goldfields threatened to secede, should Western Australia not join the Australian Federation.[10]

In many cases, the boom was short lived, with towns and mines in the Goldfields disappearing fast once the surface deposits were depleted. Only where larger companies developed underground mining did towns survive. By 1903, the gold mining industry in Western Australia reached its peak and population of the Goldfields started to decline again.[3]

First World War

The decline of the gold mining industry in Western Australia was reinforced with the outbreak of the First World War. The effects of the war, a large number of miners enlisted in the armed forces and a drying up of overseas investment meant that, by 1920, gold production in the state had fallen to a third of what it was at the height of the boom. A large number of mines in the state had been closed.[3]

Great Depression

Western Australian gold mining received a boost in the 1930s, ironically from the Great Depression. The gold price rose once more, the Commonwealth Government determined to pay a gold bonus and foreign investment increased. Gold mining towns like Wiluna or Kalgoorlie experienced a revival from entrepreneurs like Claude de Bernales. The discovery of the Golden Eagle nugget at Coolgardie in 1931, at the time the largest ever found in Western Australia, attracted many prospectors to return to the state.[3]

Second World War

The boom started during the Great Depression was short-lived, with the outbreak of the Second World War, the gold mining industry declined once more, for very similar reasons as it had at the beginning of the First World War.[3]

Post-war

Gold mining temporarily recovered after the war but by the mid-1960s, mining declined once more. By 1976, the Western Australian gold mining industry reached its low point, with production at a level of one tenth of the production in 1900. The Goldfields mining industry was saved by the discovery of Nickel in the region and, by the mid-1980s, gold mining was on the up again, too. New technologies led to the reopening of many mines. Where, at the turn of the 19th century, mining was only profitable at above 15 grams of gold per tonne, mines could now operate profitably on grades of as low as one gram per tonne. Mines like the Super Pit at Kalgoorlie now incorporate many former surface and underground operations in one large open pit.[3]

In the more remote mining locations of Western Australia, the work force however has moved away from being residential and to a fly-in fly-out roster. This led to the former mining towns not sharing the current boom with most of the work force residing in Perth, Kalgoorlie or even the capital cities on the east coast. Population and services in the Goldfields towns are far short of what they were during the golden era of the 1930s.[11]

Current situation

KCGM's Super Pit gold mine on the Golden Mile.

Western Australia produced over 50% ($69.5 billion) of all Australian mineral and petroleum sales, which made up 88% of the state's merchandise exports in 2015-16. In 2015-16, gold was ranked third in the list of resources exported by Western Australia with regard to value, behind iron ore and petroleum, with a value of A$10 billion. The state produced 6.27 million troy ounces of gold, or 195 tonnes, 6% of world production. During 2014-15 the Western Australian gold mining industry directly employed 19,175 people.[1][2]

By 2008-09, gold had jumped into fourth spot in regards to export value with a value of A$5.2 billion, overtaking alumina. The average gold price was US$874 per ounce in 2008–09, or A$1,171 per ounce, which was 28 per cent higher than the previous year.[12] While the value of sales increased by 25%, the gold output of the state decreased by 4%, to 4.4 million ounces. Western Australia accounted for 62% of Australia's gold production in 2008-09.[13]

In 2008-09, 41% of Western Australia's gold exports went to the United Kingdom, followed by India with 34%. Thailand and the United Arab Emirates hold third spot jointly, with an 8% share.[14]

The Golden Mile, producing 20 tonnes of gold, was Western Australia's top-producing mine in 2008-09, followed by the Telfer with 18.1 tonnes and St Ives with 13.4 tonnes. With a project cost of US$2.9 billion, the Boddington Gold Mine is by far the biggest gold project to commence production in the state in 2009, being capable to produce 900,000 ounces of gold per annum.[14]

The number of people employed in the Western Australian gold mining industry rose to 15,572 in 2008-09.[15]

Safety

In the past decade, from 2001 to 2010, 42 employees have lost their lives in the state's mining industry. Of those, gold and iron ore have been the most dangerous, with 14 fatalities each. Of the 42 fatalities, 29 have occurred at the surface and 13 in underground mining. Gold mining last had a fatality-free year in 2001.[16]

Since the late 1960s, when the Department of Mines began categorising fatalities by commodity, until 2010, 127 work-related fatlities have occurred in the gold mining industry in Western Australia.[16]

Gold production

Major commodity mix, 2008-2009.

Gold production in Western Australia begun in the 1890s, reaching its first peak in 1903, with over 50 tonnes of gold produced annually. Production gradually fell to reach a first low in the late 1920s. At that point, Western Australia was almost the only state in Australia to still produce gold. Production rose once more during the Great Depression, to reach a second peak in 1939.[17]

After a short slump during the war, gold production remained relatively steady until the mid-1960s. From there, it fell to levels not seen since the late 1890s, to reach a low point in 1976. It remained low until the mid-1980s, when a new gold boom hit the state.[17]

By 1990, production hit 150 tonnes of gold per year, three times the previous peak of 1903. It reached an all-time record in 2001 with close to 250 tonnes of gold produced that year. Production in 2009 has declined to 142 tonnes per annum.[18]

World gold mine production was at a record in 2001 with 2,640 tonnes produced. Production has fallen since, to 2,415 tonnes in 2008. World gold production is expected to rise in 2009-10, with Australia scheduled to increase production by 15 percent.[17]

Statistics

Quarterly expenditure ($millions) on exploration for gold in Western Australia since 1988

Annual statistics for the Western Australian gold mining industry:[19][20][21][22][23]

Subject 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Production (kg/annum) 199,500 192,200 188,860 187,500 164,420 169,830 163,840 152,690 131,824 142,519
Production value (A$ billion) 3.08 3.24 3.46 3.37 2.94 3.15 4.24 4.07 4.39 5.66
Employees 10,879 11,938 12,653 12,801 13,398 12,121 12,314 13,733 14,459 16,686

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Mineral and Petroleum Industry 2015-16 review". Perth, WA: Department of Minerals and Petroleum, Government of Western Australia. 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2014–15" (pdf). Perth, WA: Department of Minerals and Petroleum, Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mining towns of Western Australia, page: 48, accessed: 5 February 2010
  4. ↑ The Norseman Project Norseman Gold website, accessed: 30 December 2009
  5. ↑ History Shire of Dundas website, accessed: 30 December 2009
  6. 1 2 Gwalia Historic Site - History accessed: 4 September 2009
  7. ↑ St Barbara website - Leonora accessed: 3 September 2009
  8. ↑ Wiluna – Edge of the desert, author: Phil Heydon, publisher: Hesperian Press, published: 1996, page: IV, accessed: 23 March 2003
  9. ↑ Wiluna – Edge of the desert, author: Phil Heydon, publisher: Hesperian Press, published: 1996, page: 15, accessed: 23 March 2003
  10. ↑ Mining towns of Western Australia, page: 45
  11. ↑ Mining towns of Western Australia, page: 93, accessed: 5 February 2010
  12. ↑ Western Australian Resources Industry Continues to Grow – Overview 2008-09 Department of Mines and Petroleum website, accessed: 14 January 2010
  13. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008-09 page: 29, accessed: 16 January 2010
  14. 1 2 Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008-09 page: 30, accessed: 16 January 2010
  15. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008-09 page: 62, accessed: 16 January 2010
  16. 1 2 Western Australian mining fatalities database accessed: 19 February 2011
  17. 1 2 3 Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008-09 page: 31, Gold production graph, accessed: 6 February 2010
  18. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2009 page: 20, Gold production graph, accessed: 6 February 2010
  19. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2008 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 9 December 2010
  20. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2006 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 9 December 2010
  21. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2004 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 9 December 2010
  22. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2002 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 10 December 2010
  23. ↑ Western Australian Mineral and Petroleum Statistics Digest 2001 Department of Mines and Petroleum, accessed: 10 December 2010
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