GM New Look bus

GM New Look
A restored GM “New Look” bus of the former New York Bus Service
Overview
Manufacturer	GM Truck and Bus (United States) GM Diesel Division (Canada)
Production	1959-1977 (US) 1962-1986 (Canada) [1]
Assembly	Pontiac, Michigan London, Ontario Saint-Eustache, Quebec
Body and chassis
Class	Transit bus
Body style	Monocoque stressed-skin
Powertrain
Engine	7.0 L (426 ci) Detroit Diesel 6V71 V6 diesel 9.3 L (568 ci) Detroit Diesel 8V71 V8 diesel 9.0 L (549 ci) Detroit Diesel 6V92TA V6 diesel
Transmission	4-speed non-synchromesh manual 1-speed Allison VH automatic 2-speed Allison VS-2 automatic 3-speed Allison V730 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	162 in (4.11 m), 235 in (5.97 m), or 285 in (7.24 m)[1]
Length	29 ft (8.8 m), 35 ft (10.7 m), or 40 ft (12.2 m)
Width	96 in (2.44 m) or 102 in (2.59 m)
Height	121 in (3.07 m) (height over roof hatches)[1]
Chronology
Predecessor	GM/Yellow Coach "old look"
Successor	GM RTS II (US) GM Classic (Canada)

The GM New Look bus, also commonly known by the nickname "Fishbowl" (for its six-piece rounded windshield), is a transit bus introduced in 1959 by Truck and Coach Division of General Motors and produced until 1986.^[2] More than 44,000 New Look buses were built. Its high production figures and long service career made it an iconic North American transit bus. The design is listed as U.S. Patent D182,998 by Roland E. Gegoux and William P. Strong.

Production overview

44,484 New Look buses were built over the production lifespan, of which 33,413 were built in the U.S. and 11,071 were built in Canada (GM Diesel Division). Separated by general type, the production figures comprised 510 29-foot (8.8 m) city buses (all U.S.-built); 9,355 35-foot (10.7 m) city buses (7,804 U.S.-built, 1,551 Canadian); 31,348 40-foot (12.2 m) city buses (22,034 U.S., 9,314 Canadian) and 3,271 suburban coaches (of which only 206 were built in Canada).^[1] The total production of New Looks was 41,213 transit coaches and 3,271 suburban coaches.^[1]

Other than demonstrators, Washington, D.C. was the very first city to take delivery of any GM New Look buses, specifically TDH-5301s built in 1959 for O. Roy Chalk's D.C. Transit System,^[3] which operated in Washington, D.C., and the suburbs of Maryland and Virginia.

Several different models were introduced over the following years, and modifications made to the design. See the section below, headed "Description".

Production of the New Look in the U.S. ceased in 1977,^[1] when it was replaced by the RTS transit bus. Production continued after this, however, at General Motors Diesel Division in Canada, due to the RTS design being rejected by Canadian transit agencies, with the name plate changing from "GM" to "GMC". Few were produced after 1983 due to the GMDD's introduction of the Classic in that year. The last New Looks to be built were an order for Santa Monica Municipal Bus Lines (now Big Blue Bus) of Santa Monica, California in 1986.^[2] The completion of that order brought a final end to New Look production in April 1986.^[2][4] A few transit systems are still operating them to this day (including Societe de transport de l'Outaouais in Gatineau, Quebec^[5]), over 50 years after introduction and over 25 years after mass production ended.

The last American-built New Look GM buses were ordered by the city of Wausau, Wisconsin, which placed an order for twelve 35-foot (10.7 m) transit buses, model T6H-4523N, the last of which was delivered in March 1977.

The GM Buffalo bus, a group of intercity bus models built between 1966 and 1980, shared many mechanical and body parts with the fishbowl models, and were discontinued by the Pontiac, Michigan plant shortly after the RTS replaced fishbowl model production there.

GM later sold the rights to produce both Classic and RTS models to other manufacturers, and exited the heavy-duty transit and intercity markets for full-sized buses, although production of some medium-duty and light-duty chassis products sold in these markets continued.

Description

Like GM's over-the-road buses, including the Greyhound Scenicruiser, the air-sprung New Look did not have a traditional ladder frame. Instead it used an airplane-like stressed-skin construction in which an aluminum riveted skin supported the weight of the bus. The wooden floor kept the bus's shape. The engine cradle was hung off the back of the roof. As a result, the GM New Look weighed significantly less than competitors' city buses.

Virtually all New Look buses were powered by Detroit Diesel 71-series two-cycle Diesel engines. The original engine was the 6V71 (V6). GM buses used a unique "Angle-drive" configuration with a transverse mounted engine. The transmission angled off at a 45-or-so degree angle to connect to the rear axle. The engines were canted backwards for maintenance access; in fact, the only parts not accessible from outside the bus were the right-hand exhaust manifold and the starter. The entire engine-transmission-radiator assembly was mounted on a cradle that could be quickly removed and replaced, allowing the bus to return to service with minimal delay when the powertrain required major maintenance. Originally, all New Looks were powered by the 6V-71. GM resisted V8 power but eventually gave in to pressure from customers.

(The exception to the above was the 29-foot (8.8 m) TDH-3301, which was powered by the GMC DH-478 Toroflow four-stroke V6, and had a more conventional T-drive transmission.)

Original transmission choices were a four-speed non-synchronized manual transmission with solenoid reverse and the Allison Automatic VH hydraulic transmission. The latter was essentially a one-speed automatic transmission which drove the wheels through a torque converter. At sufficient speed a clutch bypassed the torque converter and the engine drove the rear wheels directly. A later option was the VS-2, similar to the VH but with a two-speed planetary gearset with three modes: Hydraulic, direct (1:1), and direct-overdrive. The very last batch of American-built New Looks and most Canadian-built New Looks from 1977 through 1987 use the Allison V730 transmission, a traditional three-speed automatic with a lockup torque converter. These four transmissions were the only V-drive transmissions made.

New Looks were available in both Transit and Suburban versions. Transits were traditional city buses with two doors; Suburbans had forward-facing seats (four-abreast), underfloor luggage bays, and had only one door. The center aisle of the Suburbans was lower than the floor beneath the seats, to accommodate the luggage bays. There were also "Suburban-style" transits which had forward-facing seats on slightly raised platforms that gave the appearance of a dropped center aisle. GM refused to install lavatories on its buses; at least one transit authority Sacramento Transit Authority in Sacramento, California added its own.

The New Look was built in 30 ft (9.1 m), 35 ft (10.7 m) and 40 ft (12.2 m) lengths and 96 and 102 in (2.44 and 2.59 m) widths. 35 and 40 ft (10.7 and 12.2 m) buses had different-length side windows, so the profiles of both buses looked very similar, but not the same.

Variants based on the New Look

Brown Boveri trolleybus number 192.

In 1981–82, Brown Boveri & Company constructed 100 model HR150G trolley buses from 40-foot (12.2 m) New Look bus shells for the Edmonton Transit System. Some of these buses remained in use for 27 years, until the Edmonton trolley bus system was shut down in 2009.

A 60-foot (18.3 m) articulated version was designed and built in 1982 for a Government of Ontario demonstration project, but used a Classic front end on the New Look body, and for that reason this model is sometimes not described as being a New Look and is not included in New Look production figures.^[6] Series production took place in 1982–1983, and a total of only 53 were built.^[6] With a newer front (to allow a wider entrance) and older body, these buses, which were model TA60-102N (for Transit Articulated 60 feet long × 102 inches wide No air conditioning), were a transitional model. Unlike most other articulated buses with an engine in the front section and a powered middle axle, the TA60-102N utilized a "pusher" design that used a conventional New Look drive train and a specially-designed articulated joint that limited the angle between the two section to 7° at normal speeds (while traveling straight forward) and to less than 2° at highway speeds.^[7]

Model naming

The model naming for the GM New Look bus is shown below. Examples of model names are TDH-5301, T8H-5305N, T6H-5307N, S6H-4504A, and T6H-4521N. (Note that not all possible combinations were constructed.) The front end of the bus remained essentially the same through the production of the New Look.

Description: Tail lights were housed in streamlined nacelles modeled after afterburners. Side roof signals were in geometric chrome strips. "GM" logo was on a plaque with a black background. In the first year of production, buses were built with pantograph wipers instead of single arm wipers.
Type	Models	Example (TDH-5301 shown)
Transit	4516: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 102 in (2.59 m) 4517: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5301: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 102 in (2.59 m) 5302: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
Suburban	4501: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5301: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
Description: Tail light nacelles were removed. Side roof signals were placed in small bullet-pods.
Type	Models	Example (TDH-4519 shown)
Transit	4518: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 102 in (2.59 m) 4519: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5303: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 102 in (2.59 m) 5304: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
Suburban	4502: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5302: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
Description: Tail lights were enlarged and given less flair. Because of new FMCSA regulations, three roof head and tail lights, commonly called "Michigan markers", were added as standard equipment (they had been optional on first- and second-generation New Looks). First-generation New Looks had these lights installed in a roof-mounted bracket, called "Manhattan style"; thereafter each light was mounted directly on roof. Third clearance light added at top center on either side, previously only at top corners. Bullet-pods of second-generation New Looks were eliminated. Alternator-based electrical system introduced; previous generations used DC generators. Slight update of driver's instrument panel: Voltmeter replaced previous generator warning light; separate left and right turn signal indicators replaced previous single DIR. SIGNAL light. The logo was changed to "GMC" over a silver background. The GM 8V71 engine became an option on 40-foot buses. From this point on, only the 40 ft (12.2 m) transit model would be available in a 102 in (2.59 m) width.
Type	Models	Example (S8M-5303A shown)
Transit	3301: 29 ft (8.8 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 4521: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5305: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 102 in (2.59 m) 5306: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
Suburban	4503: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5303: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
Description: Same front as the third generation. For units built for American operators, the exhaust system was shifted from below the bus to the left of the rear window. Also used by Canadian operators; called Environmental Improvement Package. A ventilation system on the right of the rear window became a popular option. Roof ventilation/escape hatches introduced as an option from 1974, also very popular. NEXT STOP lights introduced 1976-77; allows bell to ring only once for each stop. Starting in 1981, the 6V92TA engine became an engine option for the 5307 transit and 5304 suburban model. 5309 and 5310 were developed for the New York City Transit Authority, Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority & Metropolitan Suburban Bus Authority as a variant of the 5307.
Type	Models	Example (T6H-5307N shown)
Transit	3302: 29 ft (8.8 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)1 4523: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5307: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 102 in (2.59 m) 5308: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5309: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 102 in (2.59 m)2 5310: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 102 in (2.59 m)2
Suburban	4504: 35 ft (10.7 m) × 96 in (2.44 m) 5304: 40 ft (12.2 m) × 96 in (2.44 m)
NOTES: The 3302 ceased production in 1973. The 5309 & 5310 were sold only to the New York MTA in 1972-73. The 5309 had perimeter seating, while the 5310 had forward-facing suburban seating. They were assigned to MABSTOA, MSBA, NYCTA, and one 5310 police bus by the NYPD.

Manufacturing location was indicated by the serial number. No prefix was used for Pontiac, Michigan, C (Canada) indicated London, Ontario, and M (Montreal) Saint-Eustache, Quebec. All buses with 17-digit VINs were built in Saint-Eustache.

Production figures by model

Production totals are through August 1980, when serial numbers changed to 17-digit Vehicle Identification Numbers.^[8][9]

See also

• GM "old-look" transit bus - predecessor model
• Flxible New Look bus - its main competitor
• Rapid Transit Series - one of two successor models
• Classic (transit bus) - the Canadian successor model
• List of buses
• A bus of this series was prominently featured in the 1994 movie Speed.

References

Bibliography

• Burness, Tad (1985). American Truck & Bus Spotter's Guide, 1920-1985. Osceola, WI (USA): Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-87938-198-1.
• Luke, William A. & Metler, Linda L. (2005). City Transit Buses of the 20th Century. Hudson, WI: Iconografix. ISBN 1-58388-146-8.
• McKane, John H. & Squier, Gerald L. (2006). Welcome Aboard the GM New Look Bus. Hudson, WI (USA): Iconografix. ISBN 1-58388-167-0.
• McKane, John H. (1999). The General Motors New Look Bus Photo Archive. Hudson, WI: Iconografix. ISBN 1-58388-007-0.
• Stauss, Ed (1988). The Bus World Encyclopedia of Buses. Woodland Hills, CA (USA): Stauss Publications. ISBN 0-9619830-0-0.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to GM New Look buses.

• Information and specifications for GMC buses, Coach Information Network.
• Yahoo GMC New-Look Bus Group
• GM production lists of New Look buses, with serial numbers and original purchasers
• DieselBusParts.com a great resource for bus repair, restoration and free manuals.