Fearsome critters

The hugag, a typical fearsome critter.

In early lumberjack folklore, fearsome critters were mythical beasts that were said to inhabit the frontier wilderness of North America.^[1][2][3]

Origins

Fearsome critters were an integral part of oral tradition in North American lumber camps during the turn of the 20th century,^[1] principally as a means to pass time (such as in tall tales)^[4] or as a jest for hazing newcomers.^[5] In a typical fearsome critter gag, a person would casually remark about a strange noise or sight they encountered in the wild; subsequently, another accomplice would join in. Meanwhile, an eavesdropper would begin to investigate, as Henry H. Tryon recorded in his book, Fearsome Critters (1939) —

"Sam would lead with a colorful bit of description, and Walter would follow suit with an arresting spot of personal experience, every detail being set forth with the utmost solemnity, and with exactly the correct degree of emphasis. At the end, so deftly had the cards been played that the listener was completely convinced of the animal's existence. This method of presentation is widely used. For the best results, two narrators who can "keep the ball in the air" are necessary, and perhaps an occasional general question is tossed to someone in the audience, such inquires being invariably accorded a grave, corroborative nod."^[5]

Lumberjacks, who regularly traveled between camps, would stop to swap stories, eventually disseminating these myths across the continent.^[4] Many fearsome critters were simply the products of pure exaggeration; while a number however, were used either seriously or jokingly as explanations for unexplained phenomena. For example, the hidebehind served to account for loggers who failed to return to camp,^[6][7] while the treesqueak offered justification for strange noises heard in the woods.^[5] A handful mirrored descriptions of actual animals. The mangrove killifish, which takes up shelter in decaying branches after leaving the water,^[8] exhibits similarities to the upland trout, a mythical fish purported to nest in trees.^[9] In addition, the story of the fillyloo, about a mythical crane that flies upside-down, may have been inspired by observations of the wood stork, a bird that has been witnessed briefly flying in this manner.^[10] In particular instances more elaborate ruses were created using taxidermy^[11] or trick photography.^[12]

Attributes

The character of the fearsome critters themselves was usually more comical than frightful.^[1] Often the greater emphasis is placed on behavioral traits with little or no detail mentioned on their appearance, as in the cases of the hidebehind, teakettler,^[13] squidgicum-squee,^[14] and hangdown.^[6] Some like flittericks or the goofus^[7] appeared to be ordinary animals that just behaved out of the ordinary. The more physically emphasized and improbable creatures seem to be distinguished by how far the storyteller could push the boundaries of biomechanics. Both the tripodero^[6] and snoligoster^[4] demonstrate facets more in common with mechanical apparatuses than animals, and the hugag and sidehill gouger^[5] seem to be more a play on applied physics than fanciful inspiration. While much of the literature that has been written on the subject echoes a naturalist's perspective, commonly specifying a range of distribution, behavioral habits, and physical appearance,^[4][5][9] it should be noted that as many of these myths were never widespread. It is common to find a lack of consensus on a specific fearsome critter, if not clear contradictions. To illustrate, the wampus cat differs widely between Vance Randolph’s We Always Lie to Strangers and Henry H. Tryon’s Fearsome Critters, with Tryon describing a cat with pantographic forelimbs^[5] and Randolph portraying it as a supernatural, aquatic panther.^[10]

List

Beasts

• Agropelter, a beast which amuses itself by hurling twigs and tree branches at passers by.^[4]
• Axehandle hound, reputedly subsisted on axe handles left unattended; mentioned in Jorge Luis Borges' Book of Imaginary Beings.^[13]
• Ball-tailed cat, a feline similar to a mountain lion, except with a long tail with a bulbous end used for striking its prey.
• Cactus cat, feline of the American southwest with hair like thorns that intoxicates itself by the consumption of cactus water.^[4]
• Glawackus, a fierce brute resembling either a panther, lion, or bear.
• Hidebehind, a brute which would seize unwary lumberjacks and devour them, and was said to be so swift that it could hide behind the nearest tree before a man turned around.^[5]
• Hodag, a favorite varmint of the Wisconsin swamps affixed with horns and spikes complemented by a maniacal grin.^[13]
• Jackalope, a rabbit with the antlers of an antelope or deer.^[9]
• Jersey Devil, a predatory creature said to terrorize livestock in the pines of Southern New Jersey. Often described as winged and bipedal, and sometimes connected to witchcraft and devil worship.
• Sidehill gouger, a beast legged for hillsides having legs on one side taller than the other thus always traveling in a circular path.^[9]
• Skunk ape, a hominid said to inhabit Florida.^[15]
• Snallygaster, dragon-like beast said to inhabit the hills surrounding Washington and Frederick Counties Maryland.
• Snipe, the subject of a famous ruse of many a camp consisting of a wild goose chase for the animal.^[5]
• Splintercat, a legendary cat in the Pacific Northwest that uses his incredible speed and stiff forehead to smash into large trees, knocking the branches off and withering the trunks
• Squonk, the most melancholy of creatures which because of its deformed countenance refuses contact with all life and will dissolve in tears if ever gazed upon.^[4]
• Teakettler, a small vermin which makes a noise like the sound of a tea kettle.^[13]
• Wampus cat, a large phantom cat.^[10]

Fish

• Fur-bearing trout, a species of trout which grows a thick coat of fur for warmth in its cold climate.^[16]

Serpents

• bull snake (mythical), a yellow snake with black spots that snorts when angered.
• coachwhip snake (mythical), a black snake that wraps around its prey and whips it with its tail.
• Hoop snake, a snake which bites its tail to enable it to roll like a wheel.^[10]
• Joint snake, a snake that can reassemble itself after being cut to pieces or break apart when hit with something.
• spreading adder (mythical), a snake that flattens out when scared and has an incurable bite.

See also

• List of Legendary Creatures
• Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts
• Snipe hunt
• Drop bear

References

Footnotes

Notations

• Boatright, Mody C. Tall Tales from Texas Cow Camps. (Dallas: The Southwest Press, 1934)
• Botkin, B.A. (Ed.) A Treasury of American Folklore. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1955), The *American People: Stories, Legends, Tales, Traditions and Songs. (New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1977)
• Davidson, Levette Jay & Forrester Blake (eds.). Rocky Mountain Tales. (Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 1947)
• Leach, Maria (ed.) Funk & Wagnall's Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend. (New York: Harper & Row, 1972)
• MacDougall, Curtis D. Hoaxes. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1958)
• Cohen, Daniel. Monsters, Giants, and Little Men from Mars: An Unnatural History of the Americas. (New York: Doubleday, 1975)

External links

• Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods by William T. Cox