Fauna of the Isles of Scilly

The Isles of Scilly is an archipelago 45 km (28 mi) off Land's End, Cornwall. Little of the fauna on, above or in the seas surrounding the isles was described prior to the 19th century, when birds and fish started to be described. Most records of other animals date from the 20th century onwards.

Historical overview

There are few pre-19th century records for animals. William Borlase published The Natural History of Cornwall in 1758, commenting on the number of rabbits, and Jonathan Couch's A Cornish Fauna gave an account of some the animals known in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. In the 19th-century, following the fashion of the time, birds were shot and stuffed, especially by Augustus Smith and his predecessors on Tresco. Egg collecting was allowed and in the Natural History Museum there are, in the collection, forty-five eggs taken between 1880 and 1936 from Annett, even though it was a bird sanctuary.^[1] Newspapers recorded some of the fish caught but there was little recording of other groups of animals.

It was in the 20th-century when regular accounts can be found for other animal groups following visits from naturalists who often published their observations in the scientific literature. For example, William Bristow visited the islands on three occasions from 1927–1934, recording spiders including on some of the uninhabited islands.^[2] The Cornwall Bird Watching and Preservation Society published bird reports from the 1930s onwards and the Isles of Scilly Bird Group (founded 2000) took over publishing their own annual reports – Isles of Scilly Bird and Natural History Review – which included other groups of animals such as the diptera.

Planarian (Flatworms)

Fourteen species of terrestrial flatworms have been recorded in Britain and Ireland with five found on the Isles of Scilly. Only three or four of the fourteen species are native with two recorded on Tresco.^[3][4]

1. The Australian flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea) – a flatworm from Australia and New Zealand and first found on Tresco in 1960. Now found in many parts of Britain. Feeds on earthworms.
2. Australopacifica coxii – a flatworm from Australia and found on Tresco in 1975. Feeds on earthworms.
3. Kontikia andersoni – found on Tresco in 1984; it is native to Australia and/or New Zealand.^[5]
4. Microplana terrestris – recorded on Tresco (1982). Native
5. Microplana scharffi – recorded on Tresco (1984) and St Mary's (1985). Native.

Odonata

The Atlas of the Dragonflies of Britain and Ireland published in 1996 listed just three species; blue-tailed damselfly, common darter (both breeding residents) and the migrant hawker. The pools can be slightly brackish at times and only species that can tolerate these conditions can establish populations on the islands.^[6]

Steve Jones compiled a list which was published in the Cornwall Dragonfly Group newsletters (nos 6–8) and the list below is based on that information. In comparison, at that time, Cornwall had 23 breeding species and 28 species recorded.^[7]

1. Common blue damselfly (Enallagma cyathigerum) – in 1994 an ovipositing female was at Lower Moors, St Mary's.
2. Blue-tailed damselfly (Ischnura elegans) – can tolerate brackish conditions and breeds on St Agnes, St Mary's and Tresco.
3. Migrant hawker (Aeshna mixta) – increased sightings since the mid-1990s on St Agnes, St Mary's and Tresco.
4. Southern hawker (A. cyanea) – recorded on St Mary's in October 1992 and October 1996 and from Tresco also in October 1996.
5. Common hawker (A. juncea) – Great Pool, Tresco in October 1992.
6. Emperor dragonfly (Anax imperator) – individuals seen on St Mary's, September 1992 and August 1996.
7. Green darner (A. junius) – At least two individuals (male and female) were found on St Agnes on10 September 1998 (just one day after the first record for the Western Palaearctic in Cornwall, the previous day). There was a male on St Mary's during the following week and a female on Tresco on 30 September and the next day.
8. Golden-ringed dragonfly (Cordulegaster boltonii) – October 1996 on Tresco.
9. Red-veined darter (Sympetrum fonscolombii) – two males on Great Pool, Tresco, May1992.
10. Yellow-winged darter (S. flaveolum) – one seen on St Mary's during the ″Invasion Year″ of 1995.
11. Common darter (S. striolatum) – breeding on St Agnes, St Mary's and Tresco.

Orthopteroid

The orthopteroids have been recorded in Scilly since 1890 and specialists have visited the islands since 1989 to give, what is considered, complete coverage of these insects. The list below is taken from Orthopteroid Insects on Scilly (2001) with additional records referenced.^[8]

Orthoptera (crickets and grasshoppers)

1. Oak bush-cricket – one seen on Tresco in 1960.
2. Great green bush-cricket – resident on St Mary's and Tresco and probably an Allerød pioneer.
3. Dark bush-cricket – one seen on Tresco in 1906.
4. Grey bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata) – resident on Bryher and a probable Allerød pioneer. The numbers in the colony fluctuates.
5. Long-winged cone-head (Conocephalus discolor) – a recent resident, discovered in 1990 on St Martin's and St Mary's, on Gugh and St Agnes in 1994 and Tresco in 1996.
6. Short-winged cone-head (Conocephalus dorsalis) – a recent resident, the first confirmed record was from St Agnes in 1992 and found on St Mary's in 1996 on Lower Moors. Three known populations including Lower Moors, St Mary's.
7. Speckled bush-cricket – a recent resident, one was found near the Garrison on St Mary's in 1991. In 2000 a small population was found.
8. House cricket – in 1992 found on St Mary's at Porthloo rubbish tip.
9. Mole cricket – one found on St Mary's in 1932. The specimen was donated to the Royal Cornwall Museum in Truro and refound by Stella Turk in 1998.
10. Common groundhopper (Tetrix undulata) – probably introduced on horticultural material and found in Tresco Abbey Gardens in circa 1960. Since found on Abbey Pool where there is a large population.
11. Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) – there are records going back to the 19th-century and one was found on St Mary's in the autumn of 1988.
12. Migratory locust – one found on St Mary's in October 1998.
13. Blue-winged grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens) – one recorded in the Victoria County History (1906) in 1903.
14. Field grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus) – a probable Allerød pioneer, resident, widespread and numerous on the Annet, Bryher, Great Arthur, Great Ganilly, Great Ganinick, Gugh, Little Arthur, Little Ganilly, Menawethan, Northwethel, Samson, St Agnes, St Helens, St Martin's, St Mary's, Tean and Tresco.

Dictyoptera (cockroaches)

1. Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) – an established introduction and until the early 20th-century was a widespread indoor pest. Still found in some premises on St Martin's, St Mary's and Tresco.
2. German cockroach
3. Lesser cockroach

Phasmatodea (stick insects)

1. Prickly stick insect (Acanthoxyla geisovii)
2. Smooth stick insect (Clitarchus hookeri)

Dermaptera (earwigs)

1. Lesser earwig
2. Common earwig
3. Lesne's earwig

Lepidoptera

Micro moths

In 1992 Michael Hicks and John Hale began to regularly record the moths on St Agnes using a mercury vapour moth trap, initially in the central part of the island and later on the coast and on Gugh. Previously moths had been recorded by visitors on short stays.^[9] The list below is taken from Hicks and Hale (1998) with additional records referenced.

1. Stigmella aurella – a common leaf miner on bramble
2. Psyche casta – the larvae feed on elm (Ulmus sp)
3. Psychoides filicivora – larvae feed on the sori of ferns, including lanceolate spleenwort (Asplenium obovatum) on Bryher.
4. Infurcitinea argentimaculella
5. Monophis laevigella
6. M. crocicapitella
7. Tinea pallescentella
8. T. trinotella
9. Yellow v moth (Oinophila v-flava ) – in Britain and Ireland the moth is found usually indoors in, for example, wine cellars and warehouses, where the larva feed on wine corks and fungus.^[10] Larvae were found under the flaking bark of Pittosporum crassifolium by Robert Heckford in 1986 at Old Town Bay, St Mary's.^[11]
10. Gracillaria syringella
11. Aspilapteryx tringipennella
12. Calybites phasianipennella – larval cones can be found on common sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
13. Phyllonorycter messaniella
14. Thrift clearwing (Pyropteron muscaeforme) – recorded around the coast on thrift (Armeria arenaria)
15. Nettle-tap moth (Anthophila fabriciana)
16. Tebenna micalis – first Isles of Scilly record from St Agnes on 19 June 1998
17. Cocksfoot moth (Glyphipterix simpliciella) – also found on Gugh
18. Orchard ermine (Yponomeuta padella)
19. Apple ermine (Y. malinellus)
20. Spindle ermine (Y. cagnagella) – recorded, on St Agnes, at light in August 1994. The foodplant European spindle (Euonymus europaeus) is not found on the islands.^[12]
21. Swammerdamia pyrella
22. Diamond-back moth (Plutella xylostella) – can be abundant and numbers reinforced by migration. When walking among crops can have hundreds flying ahead of each footfall.
23. Rhigognostis annulatella – the larva foodplant is common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), a common plant on Scilly.^[12]
24. Epermenia chaerophyllella – recorded as ″not common″, the larva and larval feeding signs are easily found on hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium).
25. E. aequidentellus – larva and larval feeding signs can be found on wild carrot (Daucus carota).^[13]
26. Schreckensteinia festaliella
27. Coleophora serratella
28. C. frischella
29. C. deauratella
30. C. laricella – the only record for this larch miner is by the bibliographer, Francis Jenkinson on St Agnes before 1894.^[14] Larch has not been recorded on the islands.^[12]
31. C. discordella
32. C. argentula – the larva can be found feeding in a case on the seedheads of Achillea millefolium.
33. C. vestianella
34. Elachista argentella
35. E. consortella
36. Batia lambdella – one trapped on Gugh on 9 July 1995, the first for the Isles of Scilly.
37. Brown house moth (Hofmannophila pseudospretella)
38. White-shouldered house moth (Endrosis sarcitrella)
39. Esperia sulphurella – frequently seen, on St Agnes, flying around gorse (Ulex europaeus)
40. Parsnip moth (Depressaria radiella)
41. D. badiella
42. Agonopterix heracliana
43. A. alstromeriana
44. A. umbellana
45. A. nervosa
46. A. yeatiana
47. Monochroa cytisella – the larva forms a gall on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)
48. Teleiopsis diffinis
49. Bryotropha desertella
50. Mirificarma mulinella
51. Scrobipalpa samadensis
52. S. ocellatella
53. S. costella
54. Caryocolum viscariella
55. Nothris congressariella – common and widespread on the islands, the larvae feed between spun leaves of balm-leaved figwort (Scrophularia scorodonia) and was first recorded on Tresco in 1957. At that time it was not known from anywhere else in Britain and Ireland. Has since been found on the Channel Islands (1982), near Newquay (1987) and Lundy Island 1995.^[15]
56. Anarsia spartiella
57. Brachmia blandella
58. Oegoconia caradjai
59. Blastobasis adustella (formerly known as B. lignea) – endemic to Australia and introduced to western Europe, possibly via the horticultural trade.^[16]
60. Hysterophora maculosana
61. Agapeta hamana
62. A. rubigana
63. A. francillana
64. Eupoecilia angustana
65. Cochylis atricapitana
66. Pandemis cerasana
67. Archips podana
68. Syndemis musculana
69. Clepsis consimilana
70. Light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana)
71. Epagoge grotiana – also recorded from Gugh on 9 July 1995
72. Pseudargyrotoza conwagana
73. Cnephasia conspersana
74. Acleris laterana
75. A. sparsana
76. A. rhombana
77. A. aspersana
78. A. variegana
79. A. hastiana
80. A. emargana
81. Celypha cespitana
82. Olethreutes lacunana
83. Endothenia oblongana
84. E. quadrimaculana
85. Lobesia littoralis – the larvae feed on the flowerheads and seeds of thrift (Armeria maritima) and first recorded on Annet in 1934.^[17]
86. Bactra furfurana
87. B. lancealana
88. B. robustana
89. Epinotia nisella
90. E. abbreviana
91. E. maculana – first record for Scilly and Cornwall from St Agnes on 20 September 1997.
92. Crocidosema plebejana
93. Rhopobota naevana
94. Gypsonoma dealbana
95. Epiblema uddmanniana
96. E. rosaecolana
97. Eucosma campoliliana – one on St Agnes (6 August 1995) the first for the Isles of Scilly.
98. E. cana
99. Thiodia cirrana
100. Spilonota ocellana
101. Clavigesta purdeyi
102. Rhyacionia buoliana
103. Enarmonia formosana
104. Cydia succedana
105. C. nigricana – one found floating in a water tank, on St Agnes (June 1994) was a new record for the Isles of Scilly.
106. Cydia fafiflandana – one trapped on St Agnes (20 July 2001) was a first for the Isles of Scilly.^[18]
107. C. splendana
108. Pammene gallicana
109. Pammene aurana
110. Dichrorampha petiverella
111. Alucita hexadactyla
112. Euchromius ocellea – a moth that breeds in Africa and a rare migrant to Britain. The first Isles of Scilly record was on 13 August 1994 on St Agnes.
113. Chrysoteuchia culmella
114. Crambus lathoniellus – the first Scillonian record was one trapped at St Agnes on 5 August 1994.
115. C. perlella
116. Agriphila selasella
117. A. straminella
118. A. tristella – one trapped (St Agnes) on 14 August 1994 was the first for the Isles of Scilly.
119. A. inquinatella
120. A. geniculea
121. Catoptria pinella – the first Isles of Scilly record was on 6 August 1995 on St Agnes.
122. Pediasia contaminella
123. Platytes cerussella
124. Scoparia subfusca – also recorded on Gugh.
125. S. pyralella – first record for Scilly was on 19 June 1996 at St Agnes.
126. S. ambigualis
127. Eudonia lacustrata – first record for Scilly was in August 1996 at St Agnes.
128. E. lineola
129. E. angustea
130. E. mercurella
131. Garden pebble (Evergestis forficalis)
132. E. extimalis – first recorded in the Isles of Scilly on St Agnes on 6 August 1995.
133. Gold triangle (Hypsopygia costalis)
134. Orthopygia glaucinalis
135. Old world webworm (Hellula undalis) – ten trapped on St Agnes in October 1995 were the first records in the Isles of Scilly for this regular migrant.
136. Pyrausta despicata – also recorded on Gugh in 1995.
137. Loxostege sticticalis – first recorded in the Isles of Scilly on St Agnes on 18 August 1996.
138. Uresiphita gilvata – first recorded in the Isles of Scilly on St Agnes on 18 August 1996.
139. Sitochroa palealis – first recorded in the Isles of Scilly on St Agnes on 12 October 2001. A second was trapped in the same field on 20 October 2001.^[18]
140. European corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)
141. Small magpie (Anania hortulata)
142. A. coronata
143. A. verbascalis – the first for the Isles of Scilly, was recorded on 19 August 1995 at St Agnes.
144. Udea prunalis
145. Rusty dot pearl (U. ferrugalis) – a common migrant.
146. Mecyna asinalis
147. Rush veneer (Nomophila noctuella) – a common migrant.
148. Dolicharthria punctalis
149. Diasemiopsis ramburialis
150. Mother of pearl (Patania ruralis)
151. Palpita vitrealis
152. Gold triangle (Hypsopygia costalis)
153. Hypsopygia glaucinalis
154. Endotricha flammealis
155. Lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella)
156. Bee moth (Aphomia sociella)
157. Pyla fusca
158. Etiella zinckenella – one on 20 July 1996 on St Agnes was the fourth for Britain and the first for the Isles of Scilly.
159. Pempelia palumbella
160. Dioryctria abietella – one on 23 July 1994 on St Agnes was the first for the Isles of Scilly.
161. Nephopterix angustella – one on 10 September 1996 on St Agnes was the first for the Isles of Scilly.
162. Acrobasis advenella
163. Apomyelois bistriatella – one on 5 September 1996 on St Agnes was the first for the Isles of Scilly.
164. Thistle ermine (Myelois circumvoluta)
165. Ancylosis oblitella
166. Homoeosoma nebulella
167. H. sinuella
168. Phycitodes saxicola
169. Ephestia elutella
170. White plume moth (Pterophorus pentadactyla)
171. Emmelina monodactyla

Macro moths

1. Orange swift (Triodia sylvina)
2. Six-spot burnet (Zygaena filipendulae)
3. Grass eggar (Lasiocampa trifolii) – scarce resident
4. Oak eggar (Lasiocampa quercus) – rare
5. Chinese character (Cilix glaucata) – rare vagrant
6. Peach blossom (Thyatira batis) – uncommon resident
7. Grass emerald (Pseudoterpna pruinata) – common resident
8. Common emerald (Hemithea aestivaria) – common
9. Blood-vein (Timandra griseata) – rare vagrant?
10. Mullein wave (Scopula marginepunctata) – scarce resident
11. Least carpet (Idaea rusticata) – one at light (21 July 1996) on St Agnes was a first for the Isles of Scilly.
12. Small fan-footed wave (I. biselata)
13. Single-dotted wave (I. dimidiata)
14. Riband wave (I. aversata)
15. Portland ribbon wave (I. degeneraria) – a first for the Isles of Scilly when recorded on St Agnes at light on 17 August 1996.
16. Vestal (Rhodometra sacraria) – a scarce migrant.
17. Gem (Orthonama obstipata) – a scarce migrant and possible breeding resident.^[18]
18. Flame carpet (Xanthorhoe designata) – fairly common throughout Britain the first two Scillonian records were found on 18 August 2000 (St Mary's) and a second on 2 September 2000 (St Agnes).^[19]
19. Red twin-spot carpet (X. spadicearia)
20. Dark-barred twin-spot carpet (X. ferrugata)
21. Garden carpet (X. fluctuata)
22. Lead belle (Scotopteryx mucronata)
23. Common carpet (Epirrhoe alternata) – also recorded on Gugh
24. Yellow shell (Camptogramma bilineata)
25. Purble bar (Cosmorhoe ocellata) – also recorded on Gugh
26. Small phoenix (Ecliptopera silaceata) – 6 August 1995 was the first record for the Isles of Scilly on St Agnes.
27. Barred straw (Gandaritis pyraliata) – first Scillonian record on 23 July 2000 at St Agnes.^[19]
28. Red-green carpet (Chloroclysta siterata)
29. Common marbled carpet (C. truncata)
30. Dark marbled carpet (Dysstroma citrata)
31. Blue-bordered carpet (Plemyria rubiginata)
32. Grey pine carpet (Thera obeliscata)
33. Green carpet (Colostygia pectinataria)
34. July highflyer (Hydriomena furcata)
35. Rivulet (Perizoma affinitata)
36. Sandy carpet (Perizoma flavofasciata)
37. Foxglove pug (Eupithecia pulchellata)
38. Lime-speck pug (E. centaureata)
39. Wormwood pug (E. absinthiata)
40. Common pug (E. vulgata)
41. Grey pug (E. subfuscata)
42. Narrow-winged pug (E. nanata) – rare
43. Cypress pug (E. phoeniceata) – rare
44. Green pug (Chloroclystis rectangulata) – common
45. Double-striped pug (Gymnoscelis rufifasciata) – common
46. Yellow-barred brindle (Acasis viretata) – rare
47. Magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata) – common
48. Clouded border (Lomaspilis marginata) – rare/vagrant?
49. Sharp-angled peacock (Macaria alternata) rare vagrant
50. Latticed heath (Semiothisa clathrata) – rare vagrant
51. Brimstone moth (Opisthograptis luteolata) – common
52. Bordered beauty (Epione repandaria) – first Scillonian record on St Mary's (5 September 1986) and the second record (29 August 2000).^[19][15]
53. Early thorn (Selenia dentaria) – common
54. Scalloped hazel (Odontopera bidentata) – common
55. Scalloped oak (Crocallis elinguaria) – common
56. Swallow-tailed moth (Ourapteryx sambucaria) – common
57. Feathered thorn (Colotis pennaria) – vagrant?
58. Peppered moth (Biston betularia) – uncommon
59. Willow beauty (Peribatodes rhomboidaria) – common
60. Brussels lace (Cleorodes lichenaria) – scarce
61. Common wave (Cabera exanthemata) – rare vagrant?
62. Light emerald (Campaea margaritata) – rare vagrant?
63. Barred red (Hylaea fasciaria) – scarce resident
64. Yellow belle (Aspitates ochrearia) – rare
65. Convolvulus hawk-moth (Agrius convolvuli) – scarce
66. Death's-head hawk-moth (Acherontia atropos) – rare
67. Eyed hawk-moth (Smerinthus ocellata) – rare vagrant
68. Hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum) – common in some years
69. Spurge hawk-moth (Hyles euphorbiae) – the first confirmed record was photographed by David Hunt, in 1972, at Tresco Abbey Gardens and thought to have arrived on imported plants.^[19] Henry Harpur-Crewe visited in 1877 and described it to the gamekeeper, who is a very observant man, and he said he was almost sure he had seen it.^[15]
70. Bedstraw hawk-moth (Hyles gallii) – first Scillonian record on Tresco (27 July 1945).^[15]
71. Striped hawk-moth (Hyles livornica) – rare vagrant
72. Puss moth (Cerura vinula) – rare
73. Pebble prominent (Notodonta ziczac) – rare
74. Pale prominent (Pterostoma palpina) – rare
75. Brown-tail (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) – rare vagrant
76. Yellow-tail (E. similis) – common
77. Black arches ('Lymantria monacha) – rare vagrant
78. Red-necked footman (Atolmis rubricollis) – uncommon
79. Four-dotted footman (Cybosia mesomella) – rare vagrant?
80. Dingy footman (Collita griseola) – scarce
81. Hoary footman (Eilema caniola) – first Scillonian record on Tresco (16 September 1974), second on St Mary's (5 September 1986) and the third on 18 August 2000.^[15][19]
82. Scarce footman (Manulea complana) – uncommon
83. Buff footman (Eilema depressa) – first Scillonian record on St Agnes (12 October 2001).^[18]
84. Common footman (Manulea lurideola) – uncommon.
85. Four-spotted footman (Lithosia quadra) – uncommon migrant.
86. Crimson speckled (Utetheisa pulchella) – rare vagrant.
87. Garden tiger (Arctia caja)
88. White ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda) – abundant.
89. Buff ermine (S. luteum) – abundant.
90. Muslin moth (Diaphora mendica) – a male on 11 May 1993 on St Agnes, was a new record for the Isles of Scilly.
91. Ruby tiger (Phragmatobia fuliginosa) – common.
92. Cinnabar (Tyria jacobaeae) – common.
93. Kent black arches (Meganola albula) – uncommon.
94. Least black arches (Nola confusalis) – scarce.
95. Square-spot dart (Euxoa obelisca)
96. White-line dart (E. tritici) – uncommon.
97. Turnip moth (Agrotis segetum) – common and abundant.
98. Heart and dart (A. exclamationis) – abundant.
99. Crescent dart (A. trux) – common
100. Dark sword-grass (A. ipsilon) – abundant.
101. Shuttle-shaped dart (A. puta ssp. insula) – abundant, bright and colourful compared with the mainland race.
102. Sand dart (A. ripae) – rare.
103. Great dart (A. bigramma) – rare immigrant, three were caught on 10 August 1997 during a period of migrant activity. The first Scillonian record was one caught on St Mary's by B Elliot (24 August 1995).
104. The flame (Axylia putris) – abundant.
105. Flame shoulder (Ochropleura plecta) – abundant.
106. Radford's flame shoulder (Ochropleura leucogaster) – rare vagrant. The individuals caught on St Agnes (30 October and 21 November 1997), were the 6th and 7th British records and a new record for the Isles of Scilly.
107. Large yellow underwing (Noctua pronuba) – abundant.
108. Lesser yellow underwing (N. comes) – common, about half of specimens are ab. sagittifer Cockane.
109. Broad-bordered yellow underwing (N. fimbriata) – rare, one on 29 September 1994 was a new Isles of Scilly record. A second was caught on 29 September 1995 and a third on 9 July 2001; all on St Agnes.^[18]
110. Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing (N. janthe) – common.
111. Least yellow underwing (N. interjecta caliginosa) – rare, one on St Agnes (12 August 1994) was the first Scillonian record since the 1880s.^[15]
112. True lover's knot (Lycophotia porphyrea) – common.
113. Pearly underwing (Peridroma saucia) – common.
114. Ingrailed clay (Diarsia mendica mendica) – common.
115. Small square-spot (D. rubi) – common.
116. Setaceous Hebrew character (Xestia c-nigrum) – common
117. Square-spot rustic (X. xanthographa) – abundant.
118. Nutmeg (Anarta trifolil) – abundant.
119. Shears (Hada plebeja) – abundant.
120. Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) – common.
121. Dot moth (Melanchra persicariae) – rare vagrant.
122. Bright-line Brown-eye (Lacanobia oleracea) – abundant.
123. Broom moth (Ceramica pisi) – common.
124. Broad-barred white (Hecatera bicolorata) – common.
125. Campion (Sideridis rivularis) – rare, one on St Agnes (25 July 1994) was the first for the Isles of Scilly.
126. Marbled coronet (Hadena confusa) – uncommon
127. Lychnis (Hadena bicruris) – uncommon
128. Hedge rustic (Tholera cespitis) – rare vagrant
129. Brown-veined wainscot (Archanara dissoluta) – the first Scillonian specimen was caught on 5 August 1995 and the second on 25 July 2001; both on St Agnes.^[18]
130. Bird's wing (Dypterygia scabriuscula) – the first for the Isles of Scilly was caught on St Agnes on 19 August 2001.^[18]
131. Dog's tooth (Lacanobia suasa) – first Scillonian record on 19 June 2000 at St Agnes.^[20]
132. Pale pinion (Lithophane hepatica) – the first Scillonian record wa one on St Mary's 27 May 1974 and the second on St Agnes 8 April 2000.^[15][19]
133. Porter's rustic (Athetis hospes) – first recorded in the UK at Kynance Cove, Cornwall the second, third, and fourth UK records were all from the same St Agnes field; 14 September 1993, 31 August 1998 and 5 September 2000.^[19] A fifth UK record was caught on 11 October 2001.^[18]

Possible species

• Small White-line dart (Euxoa crypta) – A small sample of Euxoa sp was collected in 1993 and sent to David Agassiz for genitalia dissection, which confirmed that the small white-line dart probably occurred on St Agnes. It remains a 'possible' because of identification problems.

Butterflies

A Cornwall Butterfly Atlas published in 2003 listed 26 species of butterfly recorded on the islands. Eleven are resident or likely to be resident.^[21]

1. Pale clouded yellow (Colias hyale) – seen in 1900 when it was said to be common and also one in 1968. The ab helice of clouded yellow can be mistaken for this species so identification from individuals seen in flight are unreliable.^[15]
2. Berger's clouded yellow (C. sareptensis) – been reported but unconfirmed.^[22]
3. Clouded yellow (C. croceus) –
4. Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) – A total of six brimstone have been recorded. Three seen in August 1911, on an unnamed island.^[23] A male seen on St Agnes on 15 September 1977 and another male flying on Peninnis Head, St Mary's on 24 April 1984.^[24] The last seen was on St Martins on 27 September 2013.
5. Large white (Pieris brassicae) – resident
6. Small white ( P. rapae) – resident
7. Green-veined white (P. napi) – resident on St Mary's. First recorded in 1877 on St Mary's and Abbey Gardens, Tresco by the Reverend Harpur Crewe.^[25] First recorded on St Agnes in 1992.^[22]
8. Bath white (Pontia daplidice)
9. Orange-tip (Anthocharis cardamines)
10. Small copper (Lycaena phlaeas) – resident
11. Long-tailed blue (Lampides boeticus)
12. Common blue (Polyommatus icarus) – resident
13. Holly blue (Celastrina argiolus) – resident
14. Red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) – migrant and may overwinter in favourable years.^[22]
15. Painted lady (V. cardui) – migrant and may overwinter in favourable years.^[22]
16. American painted lady (V. virginiensis) – one reported on St Agnes on 10 September 1998 and another in 1999.^[22]
17. Small tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) – resident
18. Large tortoiseshell (Nymphalis polychloros)
19. Camberwell beauty (N. antiopa)
20. Peacock (Aglais io) – resident but rare on St Agnes.^[22]
21. Queen of Spain fritillary (Issoria lathonia)
22. Speckled wood (Pararge aegeria) – resident, recorded on Tresco in 1903 but did not colonise the islands until the late 1960s.^[22]
23. Wall (Lasiommata megera)
24. Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus)^[15][2]
25. Meadow brown (Maniola jurtina) – resident
26. Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus) – resident on St Martin's
27. Small heath (Coenonympha pamphilus)
28. Monarch (Danaus plexippus)

Species list is taken from A Cornwall Butterfly Atlas with additional information referenced on the species account.

Hymenoptera

Ants

Fourteen species of ants have been recorded and ten are currently found.^[26][27]

1. Myrmica scabrinodis
2. Myrmica ruginodis
3. Myrmica sabuleti
4. Tetramorium caespitum
5. Formica fusca
6. Red-barbed ant (Formica rufibarbis) – known locally as the St Martin's ant. Only found in the Isles of Scilly and Chobham Common, Surrey. where it is close to extinction. In the June 2007 the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) found over 40 nests on Chapel Down, St Martin's and also nests on some of the Eastern Isles. The ZSL collected 34 queens for a captive rearing programme with the aim of releasing at least 40 captive-reared nests, yearly, into the wild at Chobham.^[28]
7. Garden black ant (Lasius niger)
8. Lasius psammophillius
9. Yellow meadow ant (Lasius flavus)
10. Lasius fuliginosus – discovered at Pelistry, St Mary's

Coleoptera (Beetles)

In 1931 Kenneth Blair published a list of over 500 beetles, collated from collections and published papers. Below is listed some of the species a visitor is likely to see on a visit.^{[lower-alpha 1][6]}

• Bloody-nosed beetle (Timarcha tenebricosa)
• Devil's coach-house (Ocypus olens)
• Green tiger beetle (Cicindela campestris)
• Minotaur beetle (Typhaeus typhoeus)
• Oil beetle (Meloe proscarabaeus)
• Rose chafer (Cetonia aurata)
• Wharf beetle (Nacerdes melanura) – a wood-boring beetle found in timber and boats.
• Carabus problematicus – a violet ground beetle
• Carabus violaceus – a violet ground beetle
• Geotrupes spiniger – a dor beetle and known as ″dumbledors" on Scilly.
• Geotrupes stercorarius – a dor beetle
• Rhagonycha fulva – often found on the flowers of wild carrot (Daucus carota), hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) and other umbellifers.

Amphibians

The common frog (Rana temporaria) is known from Tresco and Higher Moor, Lower Moor and Porthloo on St Mary's. Bones were identified from a 10th to 13th century site at Lower Town, St Martins.^[2] Giant, albino tadpoles, suffering from a mineral deficiency, resulting in a form of gigantism were found in the pool on the cricket pitch, also on St Martin's.^[30] Bones of a toad were found from a 17th-century occupation site at Steval Point Battery, St Mary's.^[31]

Birds

As of September 2015 the number of species of birds' recorded is 437, with two, Moltoni's warbler (Sylvia subalpina) (2014) and cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) (2015), awaiting confirmation from the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee (BOURC).^[32]

1. Roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) – last bred in 1994^[33]
2. Spectacled warbler (Sylvia conspicillata) – first Scillonian record on 15 October 2000 on Tresco^[33]
3. Eurasian bullfinch ((Pyrrhula pyrrhula)) – bred on Tresco in the late 1970s and early 1980s^[33]

Introductions

1. Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) – introduced to Tresco in the 1970s, the population was reduced to one male in the 1980s before further releases.^[33]

Reptiles

Slow worms (Anguis fragilis) have been present around Great Popplestone Bay on Bryher since the 1960s.^[2]

Fish

• Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) – a 33 pounds (15 kg) specimen was caught by John Pentreath of Mousehole and purchased by T A Dorrien-Smith in May 1880.^[34]

Mammals

The Mammals of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, an atlas published by the Cornwall Mammal Group lists 56 species for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, but most of the mammals found in Cornwall are missing from the islands. These include European badger (Meles meles), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), stoat (Mustela erminea), weasel (Mustela nivalis) and most other small mammals such as the voles.^[2][35]

• House mouse (Mus musculus)
• Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) – until recently found on all the islands. English Nature started a rat extermination programme in the 1990s which was continued by the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust and rats were eradicated from Annet, Menawethan and Samson. The Isles of Scilly Seabird Recovery Project set up in 2013 has now eradicated rats from St Agnes and Gugh^[36]
• European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) – Known to have been on the islands in 1176 and recorded from Tresco in the 1470s. Both John Leland and William Borlase both commented on the large populations. On all the main islands, except Bryher, and also on some of the uninhabited including Annet and Great Ganilly.^[2]
• European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) – Introduced to St Mary's in the 1980s they now present a threat to ground-nesting birds, beetles and shrews.^[35]
• Lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens) – In July 1924 W N Blair found an unknown species of shrew on Gugh and sent it to the mammal expert, Martin Hinton, at the British Museum. This specimen, held at the museum, is the type for the species. Ten years earlier H N Robinson found an unknown rodent at Old Town, St Mary's and sent it to Mr F W Smalley "who had the largest collection of rodents in the country".^[37]
• Whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinusor) or Brandt's bat (Myotis brandtii) – recorded on Tresco by Cornwall Bat Group in 1997.^[38]
• Common noctule (Nyctalus noctula) – recorded on St Mary's in 2000.^[38]
• Common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) – recorded on Bryher, St Mary's and Tresco by Cornwall Bat Group in 1997 and Tresco has at least one roost in 2000.^[38]
• Brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) or Grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus) – seen in the late 1950s/early 1960s.^[38]
• Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)
• Common seal (Phoca vitulina) – recorded occasionally and sometimes seen in the company of grey seal.^[35]
• Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
• Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
• Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
• Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) – seen on a daily basis until the 1950s and still seen in calm weather, but no longer as frequently as in the past.^[39]
• Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) – there has been a resident group in Cornish/Devon waters since 1991.^[39]
• Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) – sightings infrequent and one was washed up on Porthlow beach 20 February 2000. (The main bycatch in the tuna drift nets in the Atlantic Ocean).^[39]
• Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) – prefer deep water and occasionally seen off Scilly. In mid-October 2000, 200 seen off Peninnis Head.^[39]
• Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)
• Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus)
• Killer whale (Orcinus orca)

(The species are listed in the order used by Harris and Yalden (2008) Mammals of the British Isles Handbook)

See also

• Formica rufibarbis
• Lesser white-toothed shrew

References

Isles of Scilly
Inhabited islands	St Mary's St Agnes (and Gugh) Bryher Tresco St Martin's
Uninhabited islands	Annet Bishop Rock Crim Rocks Eastern Isles English Island Great Ganilly Gweal Norrard Rocks Pednathise Head Rosevear Round Island Samson St Helen's Teän Western Rocks White Island Zantman's Rock
Settlements	St Mary's: Hugh Town, Holy Vale, Longstone, Maypole, Normandy, Old Town, Pelistry, Porthloo, Rocky Hill, Telegraph and Trenoweth St Martin's (and St Agnes): Higher Town, Middle Town and Lower Town Tresco: New Grimsby and Old Grimsby
Topics	Environment History People Schools Transport