Etisalat

Emirates Telecommunications Corp
مؤسسة الإمارات للاتصالات
Public
Traded as ADX: Etisalat
Industry Telecommunication
Founded 5 October 1976 (1976-10-05)
Headquarters Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Area served
 United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Pakistan, Egypt, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Mauritania, Mali, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo, Niger, Central African Republic
Key people
 Eissa Al Suwaidi (Chairman)
Saleh Al Abdooli (UAE operations & Group CEO)
Products Fixed line and mobile telephony, Internet services, digital television
Revenue Increase AED51.7 billion (2015)
Increase AED8.3 billion (2015)
Subsidiaries Thuraya, Mobily, Etisalat Sri Lanka, Maroc Telecom, ptcl, Etisalat Egypt, Mauritel, Sotelma
Website http://www.etisalat.ae
http://www.etisalat.com

Emirates Telecommunications Corporation, branded trade name Etisalat (Arabic: اتصالات‎‎ ittiṣālāt, literally "communications"), is a multinational UAE based telecommunications services provider, currently operating in 17 countries across Asia, the Middle East and Africa. As of February 2014, Etisalat is the 13th largest mobile network operator in the world, with a total customer base of more than 167 million.[1] Etisalat was named the most powerful company in the United Arab Emirates by Forbes Middle East in 2012.[2]

On 31 December 2015, Etisalat reported consolidated revenue of AED51.7 billion and net profits of AED8.3 billion.[3] The total market capitalization of the company currently is AED87.7 billion.[4] It is one of the only two telecommunications service provider companies in the country, the other one being Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (du).

Etisalat is one of the Internet hubs in the Middle East (AS8966), providing connectivity to other telecommunications operators in the region. It is also the largest carrier of international voice traffic in the Middle East and Africa and the 12th largest voice carrier in the world.[5] As of October 2008, Etisalat has 510 roaming agreements covering 186 countries and enabling BlackBerry, 3G, GPRS and voice roaming.[6] Etisalat operates Points of Presence (PoP) in New York, London, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Paris and Singapore. In December 2011 Etisalat announced the commercial launch of Etisalat 4G LTE Network.[7]

History

Emirates Telecommunication Corporation – Etisalat was founded in 1976 as a joint-stock company between International Aeradio Limited, a British Company, and local partners. In 1983 the ownership structure changed – United Arab Emirates government held a 60% share in the company and the remaining 40% were publicly traded.

In 1991 the UAE central government issued Federal Law No. 1, which gave the corporation the right to provide the telecommunications wired and wireless services in the country and between UAE and other countries. It also gave the firm the right to issue licenses for owning, importing, manufacturing, using or operating telecommunication equipment. This practically gave Etisalat both regulatory and control powers, which completed the monopoly of the telecom giant in the UAE. In order to safeguard the country's economic development, the law made provisions for the development of the telecommunication sector in the country.

The increase of exchange lines from 36,000 in 1976 to more than 737,000 in 1998 was one of the important indicators of Etisalat network's growth and development. Today Etisalat stands 140th among the Financial Times Top 500 Corporations in the world in terms of market capitalisation, and is ranked by The Middle East magazine as the 6th largest company in the Middle East in terms of capitalization and revenues. The Corporation is the largest contributor outside the oil sector to development programmes of the UAE Federal Government. Etisalat has also won accolades from across the region for its nationalization programme.[8] In November 2013, it was also announced that Etisalat would be the official sponsor of Cyprus First Division side Anorthosis Famagusta.[9][10]

Etisalat UAE

An Etisalat payphone in Dubai.

Etisalat UAE is headquartered in Abu Dhabi and includes three regional offices – Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Northern Emirates. The Northern Emirates regional center is based in Sharjah and covers the telecom's operations in the emirates of Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah.

In the UAE, Etisalat operates where mobile penetration is already among the highest in the world "200%",[11] Etisalat became known for its efforts to roll out its Fibre-To-The-Home (FTTH) network in the UAE. By the end of 2009, Etisalat had completed the FTTH roll-out for 85% of households in Abu Dhabi, positioning the UAE’s capital as the first in the world to be covered by fibre.[12]

Some of the Internet services for home users that Etisalat offers include:

Etisalat also operates iZone, a system of Wi-FI hotspots in central locations, such as shopping malls, restaurants, and sheesha cafes. iZone can be accessed by either purchasing prepaid cards, or if using an existing account. Dial-up and ISDN Internet access services are billed by the hour, whereas the domestic and residential cable and DSL connections have a fixed monthly rate depending on speed. Other Internet links, aimed at business users, have traffic utilization plans and relatively high rates when exceeding the allocated bandwidth quota. This has caused bad publicity for Etisalat and is a major source of criticism.

In addition to its telecommunication service provider and carrier units, Etisalat incorporates a number of additional non-telecom business units under the umbrella of Etisalat Services Holding LLC. These units support the company's operations and even provide services to other operators and organizations in the UAE, namely: training and consultancy services (Etisalat Academy[15]), SIM/smart card manufacturing and payment solutions (Ebtikar[16]), data clearing house services (EDCH[17]), peering/voice and data transit (Emirates Internet Exchange – EMIX[18]), call center (The Contact Centre[19]), cable TV (eVision[20]), facilities management (EFM),[21] as well as submarine cable laying services (eMarine[22]).

Etisalat is a major investor in Thuraya (34.5%),[23] a satellite geo-mobile communication systems provider. In 2006 Etisalat started a major restructuring program that resulted in the de-merger of many of its non-core business units operating under the telecom's centralized and direct management; core services were consolidated and streamlined, reflecting the company's shift from a technology-driven telecom to a customer-focused services provider.[24] As part of the program, Etisalat launched a re-branding campaign, releasing a new corporate logo and identity in May 2006. The restructuring culminated in the incorporation of Etisalat Services Holding LLC, which as of 2008 oversees the operation of Etisalat's non-telecom business units with huge success stories. On 27 March 2016 Saleh Al Abdooli has been appointed the Group CEO, extending his responsibility to international operations[25]

On 1 June 2013, Etisalat introduced free local and national HD calls across the UAE.[26] Later that week, corporate, private, public and government sectors in the country were provided with better business IT solutions when Etisalat launched its first cloud service in the UAE.[27]

International presence

Etisalat International Investments was the business unit of Etisalat that operated telecom operations outside the UAE and managed the corporation's stakes in telecommunications carriers in Afghanistan, Egypt, Niger, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The International Investments unit, and its management team, was re-structured into Etisalat Group, and Ahmad Abdulkarim Julfar was appointed as Group CEO in 2011,[28] followed by Saleh Al Abdooli in 2016. As of October 2016, Etisalat had presence and operations in 16 countries outside the United Arab Emirates.

Etisalat global presence
Country Operator Website
 United Arab Emirates Etisalat www.etisalat.ae
 Saudi Arabia Mobily www.mobily.com.sa
 Sri Lanka Etisalat Sri Lanka www.etisalat.lk
 Morocco Maroc Telecom www.iam.ma
 Pakistan ptcl www.ptcl.com.pk
 Egypt Etisalat Egypt www.etisalat.eg
 Afghanistan Etisalat Afghanistan www.etisalat.af
 Nigeria Etisalat Nigeria www.etisalat.com.ng
 Mauritania Mauritel www.mauritel.mr
 Mali Sotelma www.malitel.ml
 Côte d'Ivoire Moov www.moov.com
 Central African Republic Moov www.moov-rca.com
 Gabon Moov www.moov.ga
 Togo Moov www.moov.tg
 Benin Moov www.moov.bj
 Niger Moov www.moov.ne
 Burkina Faso ONATEL www.onatel.bf

Mobily – Saudi Arabia

Main article: Mobily

One of Etisalat's first international investments was the bid to become the second mobile services operator in Saudi Arabia. Mobily, the brand name of Etihad Etisalat founded in 2005 is currently the second largest mobile service provider in Saudi Arabia with over 20 million subscribers. In less than 6 months the company launched services in 32 cities, Mobily brings coverage to 79.2 percent of the population. Mobily was also the first to build in the shortest period the fastest 3G network in the Kingdom.

Etisalat Sri Lanka

Main article: Etisalat (Sri Lanka)

Etisalat acquired the Sri Lankan Operation of Millicom International Cellular (MIC), Tigo (Sri Lanka) on 16 October 2009. The acquisition was completed with a total enterprise value of $207 million, out of which $155 million was in cash.[29]

Tigo (Sri Lanka) under the brand name CELLTEL started operations in June 1989 on a Motorola TACS system and was the first cellular operator in Sri Lanka as well as South Asia. In January 2007, Millicom replaced the local CELLTEL brand with Tigo, their international brand. In February 2010, Tigo was rebranded as Etisalat.

Etisalat Lanka operates a GSM/EDGE supported network using 900 / 1800 MHz. The company on 5 May 2011 launched HSPA+ services over 2100 MHz, becoming the first LTE ready mobile network in the country.[30] Dual Carrier HSPA+ services was launched on 15 August 2012 by Etisalat Sri Lanka, the first operator in South Asia to do so.[31]

Etisalat Lanka was recently mentioned in the UNCTAD Information Economy Report of 2012 for the Android Eco System it had been able to develop in Sri Lanka. It was commended for its inclusive policy and several other innovations done in the market such as the AppZone (Sri Lanka's first independent 3rd party app store and the Book Hub, Sri Lanka's first eBook store) Many governments are now looking at this eco system and how it can too be implemented in their respective countries.

Maroc Telecom – Morocco

Main article: Maroc Telecom

In July 2013, Vivendi announced it would sell its 53% stake in Maroc Telecom to Etisalat for around $4.2 billion.[32] Maroc Telecom joined Etisalat Group in 2014 offering telecom and ICT products and services including fixed line, mobile, internet and television. The telecom company is the first global telecom operator in Morocco.

PTCL – Pakistan

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL) is the country’s largest and most reliable multi-service telecom carrier. Etisalat acquired PTCL in 2005 with 26 percent management stake that was put on sale by the Government of Pakistan as part of a large privatization initiative. PTCL leads the country in broadband subscriptions, with over 1.3 million in 200 cities while enjoying a robust fiber-optic network which provides access in over 550 locations across the country.

Etisalat Egypt

Main article: Etisalat Egypt

In July 2006, a consortium led by Etisalat was granted the rights to develop Egypt's third mobile network, with a winning bid of 16.7 billion Egyptian pounds (EUR €2.29 billion euro).[33] The venture, Etisalat Egypt, competes with existing service providers Vodafone and Mobinil. On 12 September 2006, it was announced that the network would be built by Ericsson of Sweden, and Huawei of China, at a cost of approximately US$1.2 billion.[34]

Etisalat Egypt's network covers and serves over 99% of the population in Egypt, through more than 6000 base stations, Etisalat Egypt was the first to launch 3.75G in Egypt and the first operator to launch video call services in Egypt.

Etisalat Afghanistan

Etisalat Afghanistan was launched in 2007 after the UAE telecom operator won the license to operate as the fourth mobile services provider in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

The operator rapidly became the fastest-growing telecommunications service provider of the country. Etisalat Afghanistan has invested over USD 300 million in the Afghan telecom industry, and it’s a wholly owned by Etisalat Group. In 2012, Etisalat won 3G license in Afghanistan and launched the first 3G services in history of Afghanistan.

Etisalat Nigeria

Etisalat Nigeria launched one of the first major broadband services in the country – EasyBlaze.[35] The company is known for its innovative products and services such as the Eco Sim and the first network to offer special numbers to Nigerians as their mobile numbers via the 0809uchoose campaign.

In April 2013, Etisalat Nigeria announced it would invest $500 million to expand its network, enabling further potential market growth of 17%.[36] In June 2013, it launched the Etisalat Prize for Literature the first pan-African prize for debut published writers.[37]

In October 2016, Etisalat Nigeria Announced 4G LTE With a Frequency Band Of 3 (1800MHz), the speed test results gives 28MBps DownLink and Upload Speed of 11MBPS, the 4G Network is covered currently in some part of Lagos and Abuja. [38]

See also the Etisalat Prize for Innovation, established for African Internet expansion.

Mauritel – Mauritania

Main article: Mauritel

Mauritel is the leading telecommunications company in Mauritania. Mauritel maintains a market share stabilized at around 60% of the population.

Mauritanian Telecommunications Company (Mauritel)Mauritel, which is 41.2% indirectly owned by Maroc Telecom of Morocco, has reportedly renewed its mobile licence in the African country for a further ten years.[39]

Sotelma – Mali

Main article: Sotelma

The former incumbent telco Sotelma (branded Malitel) was sold by the Government and ended up in the hands of Maroc Telecom. With the sale of Maroc Telecom, its ownership passed onto Etisalat.

Sotelma provides local and international fixed line telephony, internet, mobile telephone and other telecom services. Its mobile service subsidiary is Malitel, with more than 6 million customers.

Moov – West Africa

In Africa, Etisalat acquired 50% of Atlantique Telecom’s shares in April 2005. Based in the Ivory Coast, AT owns mobile operators in Benin, Burkina Faso, Togo, Niger, Central African Republic, Gabon and Côte d'Ivoire. In 2007, Etisalat increased its shares in AT to 70% and again in May 2008, to 82%.

Etisalat Group’s brand MOOV operates throughout West Africa, in Benin, Togo, Gabon, Niger, Central Africa, Burkina Faso (as ONATEL) and Côte d'Ivoire, Serving over 50 million people. MOOV covers on average 60% of the populated areas in each of its countries of operations

Former presence

Canar – Sudan

Etisalat is one of the founding partner companies of Canar Telecom, a fixed-line telecom services operator. In September 2007 Etisalat has raised its stake in Canar from 37% to 82% at an estimated cost of AED 584.17 million (US$159 million).[40]

Canar was launched on 27 November 2005.[41] The operator is reported to use NGN and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technologies for its voice, data, internet and multimedia services. Canar is one of the first operators in Africa to use an NGN network core.[42] In 2016, Etisalat made an exit from the Sudanese market by selling its 92.3% share to the Bank of Khartoum for AED349.6 million.[43][44]

Controversies

Internet censorship

Etisalat operates an Internet content filtering system that blocks access to web resources. The web resources are claimed to be controversial or offensive (i.e. sexually explicit content, certain political and religious websites, anonymizers and proxies) or harmful (i.e. numeric IP addresses, known phishing or malicious websites, botnet command servers). The use of content filtering is mandated by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) of the United Arab Emirates.

There are claims that Etisalat breaks the rules of net neutrality by throttling peer-to-peer, gaming and other types of network traffic in order to reduce the load on its oversubscribed international links. The effect of this interference is most noticeable during weekends or periods of high network use. The overall efficiency of the country-wide content filtering is unclear, as many of the technologically savvy users have discovered tools and methods to bypass the content filter, such as using Tor.

The type of content that is restricted by Etisalat includes:

BlackBerry controversy

In July 2009, Etisalat pushed an update to BlackBerry devices operating on the telecom's national network, citing performance improvements. However, it was later discovered[47] that the update contained eavesdropping software, developed by the US-based software development company SS8, which specializes in electronic surveillance. It is reported that the software enabled the company to monitor and forward communications on BlackBerry devices to their servers.[48][49] Research in Motion, BlackBerry's developer, acknowledged[50] that the patch was a form of spyware, and issued a removal patch on 20 July.

On 27 December 2009, both Etisalat and du have been mandated by the UAE telecom regulator to start filtering BlackBerry users' web access and block illegal content.[51] Due to concerns with the security and the provisioning of legal interception for Blackberry non-voice services, on 1 Aug 2010, the Telecommunication Regularity Authority of the UAE instructed Etisalat that all Blackberry e-mail, internet and messenger functions must be suspended on 1 Oct 2010.[52] However, an agreement between Blackberry's developer Research in Motion and UAE's telecom regulator has been reached, and the announced BlackBerry services suspension has been canceled.

Etisalat Iran

In January 2009 Etisalat in consortium with Tamin Telecom (a subsidiary of the Iranian Social Security Organization (SSO)) won the bid for running the third mobile services operator in the Islamic Republic of Iran.[53] The license included an exclusive two-year agreement for 3G services provisioning, but in Sep 2009 the licence was revoked and given to its local partner, Tamin Telecom.

Etisalat had planned to invest over $5 billion (AED 18.39 billion) over a period of five years,[54] but following the license suspension all plans for launching operation in Iran have been put on hold.

Etisalat India

In 2009 Etisalat has announced that its Indian unit, erstwhile Swan Telecom (owned by Dynamix Balwas Realty and Reliance Communications),[55] headquartered in Mumbai, is renamed to Etisalat DB Telecom India Pvt. Ltd[56] The business unit has been awarded Unified Services Access License in 15 telecom circles (Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Mumbai, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh (East), Uttar Pradesh (West), Madhya Pradesh and Bihar).

In April 2010 Etisalat began signal testing in Chennai [IND 922], Delhi & NCR [IND 913], Maharashtra & Goa [IND 919], Mumbai [IND 916] and Gujarat[IND 914]. In May 2010, Etisalat was in talks to buy 25% stake in Reliance Communications,[57] but the deal was not finalised.

In 2010, following the $39 billion 2G spectrum scam, Etisalat DB, the Indian subsidiary of the company, was stopped from buying a stake in a Chennai-based company due to objections raised by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Etisalat DB was not allowed to buy back the 5.27 per cent stake held by Chennai-based Genex Exim Ventures since the home ministry raised objections based largely on security concerns. The MHA had pointed out four issues that needed to be resolved before allowing the company to come into Etisalat DB, a company that got scarce 2G spectrum at allegedly throwaway prices.

It raised objections about Etisalat's presence in Pakistan and its connection with Pakistan's intelligence agency ISI.[58] Etisalat owns a 26% stake in Pakistan Telecommunications and has a subscriber base of 3 million in Afghanistan. The MHA has also expressed concerns about the telecom surveillance software Etisalat had used in a Blackberry service it had introduced in the UAE and recommended that the company should not be allowed to offer Blackberry services in India.[59]

On 22 February 2012, Etisalat announced that it will cease operations in India post cancellation of its licenses by Supreme Court of India. It issued notice to its subscribers, giving them 30 days to change operator. On 5 September 2012, Etisalat announced that it would not bid for spectrum in the November 2012 2G spectrum auction. In a released statement the company said, "Etisalat Group has decided not to participate in the auction as it is not willing to re-participate after being canceled its owned licences. Following the publication by Department of Telecomm (DoT) – India’s Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of the information memorandum for the planned auction of spectrum in 1800 MHz and 800 MHz bands, the Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (Etisalat) wishes to confirm that it has decided not to participate in the auction.”[60]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Etisalat named Most Powerful Company in UAE. Khaleejtimes.com (2012-03-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
  3. ↑ http://www.thenational.ae/business/telecoms/etisalat-q4-profit-rises-27-per-cent-on-strong-domestic-performance
  4. ↑ http://www.etisalat.com/en/about/profile/company-profile.jsp
  5. ↑ "Etisalat – Carrier & Wholesale". etisalat.ae. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  6. ↑ "International Roaming Service". etisalat.ae. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  7. 1 2 "Apple's iPad 3 is incompatible with the Middle East 4G". dubaiblog.it. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  8. ↑ "Corporate Profile". Etisalat. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  9. ↑ Simerini 2013, p. 12
  10. ↑ "Etisalad to sponsor Anorthosis Famagusta". Anorthosis Famagusta official website. 25 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  11. ↑ Motorola il iDEN (3 January 2010). "UAE hits 200% mobile penetration rate". Intomobile.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  12. ↑ "etisalat fibre-optic network to top Dh5b". gulfnews. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  13. ↑ "Al Shamil – Broadband Internet for Home". Etisalat.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  14. ↑ "eLife – Double Play". etisalat. Etisalat. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  15. ↑ "Etisalat Academy :: Business Training UAE | Technical Training UAE". Etac.ae. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  16. ↑ "Welcome to Ebtikar Card Systems". Ebtikar.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  17. ↑ Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ Bilal Mohammed & Digital Evolutions. "Emix – Emirates Internet Exchange". Emix.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  19. ↑ "The Contact Centre". Contactcentre.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  20. ↑ "e-Vision website". Evision.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  21. ↑ "Etisalat Facilities Management". Etisalatservices.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  22. ↑ "E-Marine PJSC". Emarine.ae. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  23. ↑ African and Middle Eastern Telecom Newsletter – Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  24. ↑ "Etisalat continues streamlining of operations, restructuring". Ameinfo.com. 19 December 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  25. ↑ http://www.thenational.ae/business/telecoms/etisalat-group-appoints-saleh-al-abdooli-as-new-chief-executive
  26. ↑ Etisalat announced that it will provide free local and national high-definition calls
  27. ↑ Etisalat launched its first cloud service
  28. ↑ Etisalat Group 2012 Annual Report (http://www.etisalat.com/en/presentation/management-team.html)[]
  29. ↑ "Millicom International Cellular: Completion of Sale of Millicom`s Sri Lanka Operation". Reuters. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  30. ↑ "''Daily News''". Dailynews.lk. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  31. ↑ Financial Times of Sri Lanka
  32. ↑ Sophie Sassard (22 July 2013). "Vivendi to announce Maroc Telecom sale to Etisalat - sources". Reuters.
  33. ↑ bt – Full Story
  34. ↑ "China's Huawei, Sweden's Ericsson to build Egypt's 3rd mobile network – report". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008.
  35. ↑ Archived 5 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Etisalat Nigeria to invest $500 million this year, Africa: Reuters, 2013
  37. ↑ Etisalat launches maiden Africa prize for literature - Xinhua | English.news.cn. News.xinhuanet.com (2013-06-06). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
  38. ↑ "Etisalat 4G LTE Network Data Plan Bundles & Activation In Nigeria". Naija Specs. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  39. ↑ https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/02/13/mauritel-granted-ten-year-mobile-licence-extension
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  41. ↑ ":: Canar ::". Canar.sd. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  42. ↑ ":: Canar ::". Canar.sd. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  43. ↑ Etisalat sells 92% stake in Sudanese telco Canar to Bank of Khartoum
  44. ↑ Etisalat sells it's shares in Canar
  45. ↑ "is here to help you beat internet filtering!". Vtunnel.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  46. ↑ "Free Web Proxy SSL". PZEG.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  47. ↑ Abbas Al Lawati (13 July 2009). "'Interceptor' behind BlackBerry issues". Gulf News.
  48. ↑ "BlackBerry update in UAE reportedly surveillance software in disguise". mobile.engadget.com. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  49. ↑ Thompson, Ben (21 July 2009). "UAE Blackberry update was spyware". BBC. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  50. ↑ "Etisalat's BlackBerry update intercepts communication, says RIM". Gulf News. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  51. ↑ "Internet access restrictions for Blackberry users". gulfnews.com. 27 December 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  52. ↑ "UAE to cut off BlackBerry users". theregister.co.uk. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  53. ↑ "Etisalat officially secures third mobile license in Iran". Ameinfo.com. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  54. ↑ "etisalat loses Iran licence". gulfnews. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  55. ↑ "Swan Telecom a front for Anil Ambani: CAG". The Times of India. 17 November 2010.
  56. ↑ Telecom Renamed Etisalat Telecom India Pvt. Ltd.
  57. ↑ Sinha, Prabhakar (2 June 2010). "UAE's Etisalat in talks to buy 25% stake in Reliance Communications". The Times of India. India.
  58. ↑ "2G scam: SC questions PM`s silence". Zeenews.com. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  59. ↑ "Home ministry blocks Etisalat DB's 2G ambitions". Hindustan Times. India. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  60. ↑ Bafna, Sanjay. (2012-09-05) Etisalat Will Not Bid for India’s 2G Spectrum Auction Scheduled in November. Telecomtalk.info. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
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