Electricity sector in Mexico

Mexico: Electricity sector
Data
Electricity coverage (2015) 98.7%[1]
Installed capacity (2012) 63.745 GW
Share of fossil energy 75.3%
Share of renewable energy 23.6% (hydro, wind & geothermal)
Share of nuclear energy 2.4%
GHG emissions from electricity generation (2004) 114 MtCO2e
Average electricity use (2008) 1,665 kWh per capita
Continuity of supply 2.2 hrs interruption per subscriber per year
Total losses (2008) 11% (CFE), 32% (LFC); (LAC average in 2005: 13.6%)
Average residential tariff (US$/kWh, 2008) 0.106; (LAC average in 2005: 0.115)
Average industrial tariff (US$/kWh, 2008) medium: 0.153, large: 0.118 (LAC average in 2005: 0.107)
Average agricultural tariff (US$/kWh, 2008) 0.051
Annual investment in electricity n/a
Share of self-financing by utilities n/a
Share of Government financing n/a
Institutions
Sector unbundling No
Share of private sector generation 25%
Share of private sector in distribution 0%
Competitive supply to large users No
Competitive supply to residential users No
Number of service providers dominating 2: CFE & LFC
Responsibility for transmission CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad)
National electricity regulator Yes (CRE)
Responsibility for policy setting SENER
Responsibility for renewable energy SENER
Responsibility for the environment SEMARNAT
Electricity Sector Law Yes (1976, last revision 1992)
Renewable Energy Law Yes (2008)
CDM transactions related to the energy sector 47 registered CDM project; 3.7 million tCO2e annual emissions reductions

As required by the Constitution, the electricity sector is federally owned, with the Federal Electricity Commission (Comisión Federal de Electricidad or CFE) essentially controlling the whole sector; private participation and foreign companies are allowed to operate in the country only through specific service contracts. Attempts to reform the sector have traditionally faced strong political and social resistance in Mexico, where subsidies for residential consumers absorb substantial fiscal resources.

The electricity sector in Mexico relies heavily on thermal sources (75% of total installed capacity), followed by hydropower generation (19%). Although exploitation of solar, wind, and biomass resources has a large potential, geothermal energy is the only renewable source (excluding hydropower) with a significant contribution to the energy mix (2% of total generation capacity). Expansion plans for the period 2006-2015 estimate the addition of some 14.8 GW of new generation capacity by the public sector, with a predominance of combined cycles.

Electricity Supply and Demand

Installed capacity

Installed electricity capacity in 2008 was 58 GW. Of the installed capacity, 75.3% is thermal, 19% hydro, 2.4% nuclear (the single nuclear power plant Laguna Verde) and 3.3% renewable other than hydro.[2] The general trend in thermal generation is a decline in petroleum-based fuels and a growth in natural gas and coal. Since Mexico is a net importer of natural gas, higher levels of natural gas consumption (i.e. for power generation) will likely depend upon higher imports from either the United States or via liquefied natural gas (LNG).[3]

Gross generation was 234 TWh that same year (not including cogeneration and autogeneration), with 79.2% coming from conventional thermal sources, 16.6% from hydroelectricity, 4.2% from nuclear power and 3% from geothermal sources.[4]

The expansion program contemplated by SENER for the period 2008-2017 includes the addition of 14,794 MW by the public service: 14,033 MW by CFE and 761 MW by LFC (Luz y Fuerza del Centro). Self-supply and cogeneration will add another 2,490 MW in new capacity. Total public installed capacity in 2017 is estimated at 61,074 MW, 40% and 21% of which would be combined-cycles and hydroelectric plants respectively.[2] However, the deactivation of LFC on October 10, 2009, is likely to change this figure.

In 2009, 4,000 MW were already compromised (i.e. with secured financing). The table below summarizes the projects that are currently (September 2009) under construction:

ENERGY SOURCE LOCATION TECHNOLOGY TOTAL EXPECTED CAPACITY (MW) 2007 2009 2010 2012
External Energy Producers 450 450
CCC Norte Durango Combined Cycle 450 450
Financed Public Works 1,789 388 651 750
CC San Lorenzo Conversion from GT to CC Puebla Combined Cycle 116 116
CCC Baja California Baja California Combined Cycle 272 272
CCE Pacífico Guerrero Coal 651 651
CH La Yesca Nayarit Hydroelectric 750 750
Budget Implementation (LFC) 160 160
Distributed generation D.F. and Mexico State Gas turbines 160 160
Total 2,399 160 838 651 750

Source: SENER Statistics[4]

Effective Energy Generation

Years Hydro electric Thermal 1 IPP's 2 Dual 3 Coal- fired Nuclear Geo thermal Wind- driven Total
2010 P 11,503 21,742 11,907 2,778 2,600 1,365 965 85 52,945
2009 11,383 21,731 11,457 2,100 2,600 1,365 965 85 51,686
2008 11,343 21,191 11,457 2,100 2,600 1,365 965 85 51,105

Source: Secretaría de Energía with data from Comisión Federal de Electricidad and Luz y Fuerza del Centro[5]
1 Thermoelectric power plants (residual fuel oil, natural gas and diesel)
 2 Installed capacity of Independent Power Producers.
3 Dual power plants can operate with coal or fuel oil
 P Preliminary

Imports and exports

The external electricity trade is carried out through nine interconnections between the United States and Mexico and one interconnection with Belize. These connections have primarily been used to import and export electricity during emergencies.[6] In 2007, Mexico exported 1.3 TWh of electricity to the United States, while importing 0.6 TWh.[3]

Companies have built power plants near the United States - Mexico border with the aim of exporting generation to the United States. There are also plans to connect Mexico with Guatemala and Belize as part of the Central American Interconnection System.[3] The 400 kV interconnection line Mexico - Guatemala was commissioned in April 2009 and has an estimated transmission capacity of 200 MW from Mexico to Guatemala and 70 MW in the opposite direction.[7]

CFE is not a part of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation, though its transmission system in northern Baja California is part of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council, and it also has a few other interconnections across the border with the United States.

Demand

Consumption of electricity in 2008 was 184 TWh, which corresponds to 1,655 kWh per capita. Consumption share by sector was as follows:[4]

Demand and supply projections

Electricity demand has grown steadily in the last decade and the Energy Secretariat (SENER) forecasts that consumption will grow by 3.3% a year for the next ten years, reaching 281.5 TWh in 2017.[2] Demand growth forecasts have been revised down, from an estimated 4.8% a year in the projections from 2006,[6] due to the expected effects of the economic crisis on energy demand.

Reserve margin

In 2008, the reserve margin (RM) in the National Interconnected System (SIN) was 45.8%, while the operating reserve margin (ORM) was 21.3%. It is estimated that both reserve margins will remain high during the 2009-2013 period. However, from 2014, the RM is expected to decrease to 29.2%, with the ORM reaching an 8.3%. Those values would be about 25% and 6% respectively in 2017. The commissioning of the Agua Prieta II, Norte II, Norte III, Noreste and Valle de Mexico II and III is essential to avoid power deficits in the northern and central parts of the country. However, irrespective of the reserve margins in the SIN, there are restrictions in transmission capacity that generate bottlenecks or the need to import power.[2]

Access to electricity

Total electricity coverage in Mexico is 98.7% (2015).[1] With 99.7% coverage in urban areas with more than 100,000 inhabitants; 99.3% in locales with 15,000-99,999 inhabitants; 98.8% in locales with 2,500-14,999 inhabitants and 96.1% in locales with less than 2,500 habitants.[1]

Service Quality

Interruption frequency and duration

In 2008, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 2.3 for CFE and 4.2 for LFC. Duration of interruptions per subscriber was 2.2 hours for CFE and 3 for LFC.[8]

Total losses

Total electricity losses in 2008 were 11% for CFE and as high as 32% for LFC.[8]

Responsibilities in the Electricity Sector

Policy and Regulation

The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is in charge of defining the energy policy of the country within the framework defined by the Constitution.[9] The Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) is, since 1995, the main regulatory agency of the electricity and gas sector.[3] However, CRE's attributions are limited since CFE (Federal Electricity Commission) and LFC (Central Light and Power) are outside its scope.

Generation

The generation sector was opened to private participation in 1992. However, the Comisión Federal de la Electricidad (CFE), the state-owned utility, is still the dominant player in the generation sector, with two-thirds of installed capacity. As of the end of 2008, private generators held about 23 GW of generation capacity, mostly consisting of combined-cycle, gas-fired turbines (CCGFT).[3] Private generators have to sell all their output to CFE since they are not allowed to sell directly to users. There is indeed a commercialization monopoly controlled by CFE.

In the period between 1997 and 2009, CRE has awarded 22 permits for Independent Power Producers (IPP), for a total of 13 GW. Total private generation permits awarded by CRE as of September 2009 are summarized in the table below:[10]

Modality Number of permits Total capacity (MW) Percentage of total national capacity (%)
Autogeneration 589 6,102 6%
Cogeneration 57 3,255 4.5%
Independent Power Production (IPP) 22 13,250 19.5%
Small Generation 19 3 negligible

Transmission and Distribution

CFE holds a monopoly on electricity transmission and distribution in the country. CFE operates the national transmission grid, composed of 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of high voltage lines, 28,000 miles (45,000 km) of medium voltage lines, and 370,000 miles (600,000 km) of low voltage distribution lines,[3] through one of its departments, the Centro Nacional de Control de la Energía (CENACE).[11]

Renewable Energy Resources

The two main government agencies in charge of developing renewable energy resources are SEMARNAT and SENER. The Environment and Natural Resources Secretariat (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources, while SENER defines the national energy policy. CONAE, the National Commission for Energy Savings, is responsible for promoting energy savings and energy efficiency. Finally, SEDESOL, the National Secretariat for Social Development, includes the promotion and use of renewable energy in some of their projects.[12]

The Renewable Energy Development and Financing for Energy Transition Law (LAERFTE), which entered into force on November 28, 2008, mandated SENER to produce a National Strategy for Energy Transition and Sustainable Energy Use and a Special Program for Renewable Energy. The Special Program contains tentative targets for renewable generation for different technologies. Those targets will be revised as SENER and CRE advance in the completion of the activities included in the law.

Hydro

A panoramic picture of the El Cajón dam, in the state of Nayarit, Mexico

About 19% of the electricity produced in Mexico comes from hydroelectric resources. The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW Manuel Moreno Torres in Chicoasén, Chiapas, in the Grijalva river. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant.[3] The 750 MW El Cajon hydroelectric plant in Nayarit, which started operations in November 2006, is the latest completed large project.[13]

The country has an important mini-hydro potential, estimated at 3,250 MW[14] (in the states of Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla and Tabasco)[15] In 2009, there were 22 private mini-hydro installations (12 in operation, 2 inactive and 8 under construction), adding up to a total of 83.5 MW in operation, with 105 MW under development.[14] The number of publicly owned hydro plants in 2009 was 42: 31 of them (270MW) belong to CFE, while the remaining 11 (23.4MW) belong to LFC.[14]

Solar

Main article: Solar power in Mexico

Mexico is the country with the world's third largest solar potential.[12] The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times national electricity generation.[15] Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of solar thermal panels[14] installed in Mexico, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2012 there will be 1.8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels.[14]

The project named SEGH-CFE 1, located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Northwest of Mexico, will have capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2013.[16]

Wind

Main article: Wind power in Mexico
La Venta in Oaxaca, Mexico

Wind power production is still very limited in Mexico, although the country's potential is estimated to be very high. Three main areas for wind generation have been identified: the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the state of Oaxaca; La Rumorosa, in the state of Baja California; The area of the Gulf of California, which includes Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa,[17] the Yucatán Peninsula,[14] and the states of Zacatecas, Hidalgo, Veracruz.

In 2012, according to SENER, CFE will have 593MW of installed wind generation capacity in Mexico. Currently, there are several projects in operation and under development. The tables below show both the wind farms that have already been committed and some of the potential ones:[14] in Mexico some groups are promoting wind power through outreach activities to increase population awareness of renewable energies.[18][19][20]

COMMITTED PROJECTS
PROJECT DEVELOPER REGION MODALITY CAPACITY (MW) COMMISSIONING DATE
La Venta CFE Oaxaca Public Service 1.35 11/1994
Guerrero Negro CFE Baja California Public Service 0.6 03/1999
La Venta II CFE Oaxaca Public Service 83.3 01/2007
Eurus Acciona Oaxaca Autogenerator 250 12/2009
Parques Ecológicos de México Iberdrola Oaxaca Autogenerator 79.9 01/2009
Fuerza Eólica del Istmo Fuerza Eólica-Peñoles Oaxaca Autogenerator 30 2010
Eléctrica del Valle de México EdF Energies Nouvelles-Mitsui Oaxaca Autogenerator 67.5 2009
Bii Nee Stipa Energía Eólica CISA-Gamesa Oaxaca Autogenerator 26.3 2009
La Venta III CFE Oaxaca IPP 101.4 11/2010
Oaxaca I CFE Oaxaca IPP 101.4 2010
Centro Regional de Tecnología Eólica Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas Oaxaca Small generator 5 N/A
Desarrollos Eólicos Mexicanos Demex Oaxaca Small generator 227.5 2011
Eoliatec del Pacífico Eoliatec Oaxaca Autogenerator 160.5 2011
Eoliatec del Istmo (2nd phase) Eoliatec Oaxaca Autogenerator 142.2 2011
Gamesa Energia Gamesa Oaxaca Autogenerator 288 2011
Vientos del Istmo Preneal Oaxaca Autogenerator 180 2012
Energía Alterna Istmeña Preneal Oaxaca Autogenerator 215.9 2012
Unión Fenosa Generación México Unión Fenosa Oaxaca Autogenerator 227.5 2010
Fuerza Eólica del Istmo (2nd phase) Fuerza Eólica Oaxaca Autogenerator 50 2011
Oaxaca II-IV CFE Oaxaca IPP 304.2 09/2011
Total 2,565

Source: SENER 2009, Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables[14]

POTENTIAL PROJECTS
PROJECT DEVELOPER REGION MODALITY CAPACITY (MW) COMMISSIONING DATE
Fuerza Eólica de Baja California Fuerza Eólica Baja California Export 300 N/A
Mexico Wind Unión Fenosa/Geobat Baja California Export 500 N/A
N/A Cannon Power Baja California Export 200 N/A
Baja Wind Sempra Energy Baja California Export 250 2011
Baja California Fuerza Eólica Baja California Autogeneration 10 N/A
N/A State Government Baja California Autogeneration 300 N/A
Los Vergeles SEER Tamaulipas Autogeneration 160 2010
Eólica Santa Catarina Econergy Nuevo León Autogeneration 20 N/A
Total 1,450

Source: SENER 2009, Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables[14]

Geothermal

Mexico has a large geothermal potential due to its intense tectonic and volcanic activity. This potential has been estimated at 1,395 MW by CFE, although this figure is likely to be much higher. It ranks third in geothermal power production worldwide. In 2009, geothermal installed capacity was 964.5 MW and total production was 7.1 TWh. There are four geothermal fields under exploitation: Cerro Prieto, Los Azufres, Los Humeros and Las Tres Vírgenes.[14]

El Virgen
PROJECT MUNICIPALITY ENTITY NUMBER OF UNITS NET CAPACITY (MW) GROSS GENERATION (GWh)
Cerro Prieto Mexicali Baja California 13 720 5,176
Tres Virgenes Mulegé Baja California Sur 2 10 42
Azufres Cd. Hidalgo Michoacán 15 194.5 1,517
Humeros Chignautla Puebla 8 40 7,055
Total 38 965 7,056

Source: SENER 2009, Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables[14]

Biomass

Mexico also has a large potential to produce energy from biomass. It is estimated that, taking into account agricultural and forest waste with energy potential and solid urban waste from the ten main cities, the country has a potential capacity of 803 MW and could generate 4,507 MWh per year. In the sugarcane industry, the estimated power generation protential from bagasse is over 3,000 MWh per year.[12][14]

History of the electricity sector

20th Century

The electricity sector in Mexico underwent its first serious process of reorganizations during the 1930s, under the mandate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The National Electricity Code was created and the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE), a newly create state-owned and state-financed enterprise, came to dominate all investment in new capacity. In 1960, a constitutional amendment nationalized the electricity industry and formally gave the government exclusive "responsibility" for generating, transmitting, transforming, and distributing electricity. During this decade, the government also created Compañía de la Luz y Fuerza del Centro (LFC) to supply electricity to Mexico City and the neighboring states.

During the 1960s and the 1970s, Mexico alienated private investment and decided to prevent market forces from entering the power system. In addition, the surge in oil prices of the 1970s provided a windfall to oil-rich Mexico, which allowed the country to maintain substantial subsidies for electricity generation. Only during the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the Mexican government implemented market reforms in several economic sectors, including electricity.[21]

In 1992, president Carlos Salinas reformed the electricity law, establishing that private electricity production was not a public service. This modification, which allowed for private participation in generation, was debated as unconstitutional for a long time; in fact in 2002 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that it may have been unconstitutional.[22] The Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) was created in 1993 as an autonomous agency in charge of regulating the natural gas and electricity industries.[21] However, its functions were only related to private power producers (e.g. award of permits, arbitration, tariff studies) and did not cover CFE and LFC. In this period the CRE's functions were mainly focused on the gas sector and not on electricity.

Reform attempts 1990s and 2000s

Attempts by president Ernesto Zedillo in the late 1990s, by the National Action Party (PAN) in 2000, and president Vicente Fox to carry out a comprehensive reform of the electricity sector in Mexico faced strong political resistance. In 1999, President Zedillo sent an ambitious bill to Congress requesting a change of the Constitution and allowing for the unbundling of the sector, including the creation of distribution companies under 3-year concessions. Existing power plants would also be sold, except for nuclear and hydro power plants. In 2001, President Fox issued a reform decree that would allow independent power producers to sell directly to industrial customers and would also allow the sale of private power to CFE under long-term contracts without competitive bidding. Among other issues, the decree also specified that electricity is not a public service of general interest but a commercial service. Both reform attempts failed, opposed on grounds that the electricity and, more broadly, the energy sector is strategic for national sovereignty.[21] As required by the Constitution, the electricity sector remained federally owned, with the CFE essentially controlling the whole sector.[11]

Among the different proposals for the reform of the electricity sector, the main ones are the creation of the CFE's Fundamental Law and the modification of this firm's operations and the extension of Electricity Regulatory Commission's (CRE) competencies. Also important is the promotion of private independent power production and the discussion of the role played by Pidiregas (see Financing below) in the financing of large projects.

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency laws 2008

During the term of president Felipe Calderón, on 28 November 2008 two decrees published in the Official Journal of the Federation created two laws, one addressing renewable energy and the other energy efficiency.[23][24]

The Renewable Energy Development and Energy Transition Financing Law (LAERFTE) mandated the Secretary of Energy (SENER) to produce a Special Program for Development of Renewable Energy (PEAER), and a National Strategy for Energy Transition and Sustainable Energy Use (ENTEASE), to be updated yearly. The main objective of the law is to regulate the use of renewable energy resources and clean technology, as well as to establish financing instruments to allow Mexico to scale-up electricity generation based on renewable resources. SENER and the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) are responsible for defining those mechanisms and establishing legal instruments.

The following functions are the responsibility of SENER, among others:[23] (a) defining a national program for ensuring a sustainable energy development both in the short and the longer term, (b) creating and coordinating the necessary instruments to enforce the law, (c) preparing a national renewable energy inventory, (d) establishing a methodology to determine the extent to which renewable energies may contribute to total electricity generation, (e) defining transmission expansion plans to connect power generation from renewable energy to the national grid, and (f) promoting the development of renewable energy projects to increase access in rural areas.

The CRE is responsible for developing rules and norms regarding the implementation of LAERFTE, including provisions for promotion, production, purchase and exchange of electricity from renewable sources. The CRE, in coordination with the Secretary of Finance (SCHP) and SENER, will determine the price that suppliers will pay to the renewable energy generators. Payments will be based on technology and geographic location. In addition, CRE will set rules for contracting between energy generators and suppliers, obliging the latter to establish long-term contracts from renewable sources.[23]

The Sustainable Energy Use Law (LASE) has as its objective to provide incentives for the sustainable use of energy in all processes and activities related to its exploitation, production, transformation, distribution and consumption, including energy efficiency measures.[24] More specifically, the law proposes:

In this context, the Government carries the following specific activities: (i) a program aimed at replacing incandescent bulbs (IBs) with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in the residential sector, (ii) an appliances replacement program, (iii) the modernization of the public transport system for long distances and surroundings, (iv) a program for energy efficiency in municipalities, (v) industrial and commercial energy efficiency programs, (vi) supply side energy efficiency in the electricity sector, and (vii) energy efficiency in the national oil company, PEMEX.

Takeover of Luz y Fuerza del Centro 2009

On 12 October 2009, the police seized the offices of the state-owned Luz y Fuerza del Centro, dissolving the company, laying off the workers, and putting its operations, which supply power to 25 million Mexicans, under the control of the CFE.[25] According to the government, spending at the company was increasingly outpacing sales.[26]

Reforms from 2013 onwards

The energy sector in Mexico was reformed by an initiative that president Enrique Peña presented to the Congress of the Union on 12 August 2013. The reform was approved by the Senate on 11 December of that year, and by the Chamber of Deputies one day later. On 18 December the reform was declared constitutional, and it was signed into effect on 20 December by its publication in the Official Journal of the Federation.[27][28] The initiative proposed that Article 27 of the Constitution of Mexico returned to the wording that it had in 1938 when president Lázaro Cárdenas made a first reform, which affirmed that the natural resources belong exclusively to the nation, but allowed the participation of private enterprises in the extraction and handling of these resources on behalf of the state. In 1960 a protectionist reform had made it impossible for any private company to participate in the energy sector, so the 2013 decree restored Article 27 to its previous state and included a similar provision for developing the electrical sector: a market for electricity generation would be established in which private entities could participate, but the control, transmission and distribution would remain an exclusive task of the state as a public service.

By the end of 2014, several decrees transformed the Mexican national electric sector. On 11 August 2014 the following laws were published:[29][30][28]

During this time the SENER published the general rules to obtain and assign clean energy certificates (CEL), which are equivalent to 1 MWh of clean energy, no matter the specific technology. The SENER also mandated that qualified users (big consumers) acquire 5% of their own consumption in CELs for 2018 and 2019.[28] Furthermore the SENER published simplified rules for interconnection of private generators.[31]

On 30 June 2015 the government presented the Program for Development of the National Electric System (PRODESEN) which establishes a master plan for the electrical system until 2030.[28] On 8 September 2015 the SENER published the first Rules for the Electricity Market establishing the new rights and obligations for the generators, resellers, and qualified users of the market, to be overseen by the CRE and the CENACE. The wholesale electric market officially commenced operations on 1st January 2016.[31]

These reforms meant that on November 2015 the first public offering for private generation and CELs was made, with a decision of the winning bidders being announced on 30 March 2016. After a first round of evaluation, 227 offers were made by 69 private companies, which translated to 18 winning projects from 11 companies, including 84.6% of the requested CELs.[32][28] The commencement of operation of the winning projects is scheduled to begin on 28 March 2018. The sole buyer of the energy is the CFE.

On 24 December 2015 the Energy Transition Law (LTE) was published, strengthening the integration of renewables into the generation mix.[33] It also establishes ambitious plans for having 35% of renewable energy by 2024, from 28% in 2015 (which includes 18% of hydroelectric energy).[28] After announcing the winners of the first bid, the second public offering for energy was shortly announced, and the resulting decision made on October 2016, in which 28% is renewable energy, mostly photovoltaic and eolic.[34]

Tariffs, Cost Recovery and Subsidies

Tariffs

During the last decade, average electricity tariffs in Mexico have been held below cost with the aim of maintaining macroeconomic and social stability. For all tariffs, an interagency group composed of CFE (Federal Electricity Commission, or Comisión Federal de Electricidad), LFC (Central Light and Power, or Luz y Fuerza del Centro), SHCP (Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, or Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público), SENER (Ministry of Energy, or Secretaria de Energia), CRE (Regulatory Commission of Energy, or Comisión Reguladora de la Energía), and CNA (National Water Commission, or Comisión Nacional del Agua) meet regularly and once a year they prepare a tariff proposal for the subsequent year. Tariffs are approved by SHCP and not by the energy sector regulator.[35]

Except for the tariff set for the agricultural sector, average electricity prices have followed an upward trend since the year 2002.[2] In 2008, average tariffs for the different sectors were:[2]

The average tariff, US$ 0.137/kWh, was 16.5% higher in 2008 when compared to 2007.[2]

Subsidies

For the industrial and commercial sectors, electricity supply is priced on a rational cost basis for large firms. As a result, they receive no government subsidy, while subsidies for small firms are relatively small. On the other hand, agricultural and residential customers have traditionally received large subsidies since the electricity they consume is significantly underpriced. Extensive subsidies have contributed to a rapid growth in demand. In 2000, the average residential tariff covered only 43% of the costs, while the average tariff for agricultural use covered 31%.[36] Total subsidies amounted to 46% of total electricity sales.[35] In addition, residential subsidies were mostly captured by medium and high income classes as the amount of the subsidy raised with consumption.[35]

In 2002, a restructuring of residential tariffs significantly raised the infra-marginal tariffs paid by middle and especially high consumers of electricity. Currently, billing schedules vary by temperature, season and consumption level. In spite of this reform, price/cost ratio was still under 40% in 2002, even after the 21% increase in price due to the reform. In addition, the share of subsidies going to the non-poor population remained high, estimated at 64%. Agricultural tariffs were also modified in 2003, when a fixed price per kWh was fixed. These new tariffs sought charging higher prices for excess energy use.[36]

The low tariffs, together with LFC's inefficiencies, absorb a large amount of fiscal resources. For 2008, it was estimated that the subsidies paid through electricity tariffs to final CFE and LFC consumers by the Federal Government amounted to US$10 billion[2] (close to 1% of GDP).

Investment and Financing

Investment by sub-sector

Necessary investment to carry out the 2008-2017 expansion plan amounts to MXN 629,106 million (US$47 billion). The breakdown of the investment is: 41.2% for generation, 21.2% for transmission, 23.9% for distribution, 11.8% for maintenance and 1.9% for other needs.[2]

From the required total, 33.9% corresponds to OFP (Obras Públicas Financiadas or Financed Public Works), 8.8% to Independent Power Production, 51.5% to budgeted works and the remaining 5.9% to financial schemes still to be defined.[2]

Financing

Pidiregas

Oil platform in the Campeche Sound

In 1995-1996 the Mexican government created Pidiregas ("Proyectos de Inversión Diferida En El Registro del Gasto " – Investment Projects with Deferred Expenditure Registration) to finance long-term productive infrastructure projects. Due to budgetary restrictions, the government realized that it could not provide all the resources needed and decided to complement the public sector's efforts with Pidiregas, a deferred financing schedule. This mechanism, which only applied to investments carried out by PEMEX(Petróleos Mexicanos) and CFE aimed to create the conditions for the penetration of private initiatives in hydrocarbon exploration and electricity generation.[37] Pidiregas have been extended and have also grown in amount (PEMEX uses them for as much as four times the amount of CFE), although the original motivation for their existence is gone.[11]

Following a project finance scheme, for a project to be executed under Pidiregas, the resources that it generates from the sale of goods and services have to be enough to cover the incurred financial obligations. Projects are paid with the revenues generated during their operation and require the signature of a contract in which a product or work is involved. The State assumes the risk since PEMEX or CFE sign the contract as guarantee, while the investors recover their investment in the agreed time.[37] As a result, Pidiregas cannot be considered as true private investment since, under true private sector participation, firms would make investment decisions and bear the full risk.[11] The viability of the program has been questioned as its effect in the public budget is similar to the emission of public debt. Furthermore, until 2006, the Pidigeras scheme resulted in losses.[37]

Grid extension

Since 1995, states and municipalities hold the responsibility for the planning and financing of grid extension and off-grid supply. A large part of the investment is financed through FAIS (Fund to Support Social Infrastructure). The National Commission for Indigenous People and SEDESOL (Secretariat for Social Development) also finance an important share of grid extension. Once a particular system has been constructed, its assets and operational and financial responsibility are transferred to CFE.[11]

Recent studies have concluded that interconnecting Baja California with the National Interconnected System (SIN) would be both a technically and economically sound decision. This interconnection would allow to serve peak demand in the Baja California system with generation resources from the SIN. Conversely, in period of low demand in Baja California, surplus electricity and base load (i.e. geothermal and combined cycles) could be exported to the SIN. As a result, there would be a reduction of investment costs in generation infrastructure and of total production costs. In addition, the interconnection would open new opportunities for electricity exchanges with power utilities in Western United States through the existing transmission links with California. It is expected that the interconnection will be commissioned in 2013.[2]

Renewable energy

The Renewable Energy Law creates a Fund for the Energy Transition and the Sustainable Use of Energy. This fund will assure the financing of projects evaluated and approved by the Technical Committee, chaired by SENER. The fund will begin with US$200 million for each year between 2009 and 2011.

Summary of private participation in the electricity sector

As required by the Constitution, the electricity sector in Mexico remains federally owned, with the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) essentially controlling the whole sector. Although generation was opened to private participation in 1992, CFE is still the dominant player, with two-thirds of installed capacity.

Activity Private participation (%)
Generation 25% of installed capacity
Transmission 0%
Distribution 0%

Electricity and the environment

Responsibility for the environment

The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), created in 2000 from the previous Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources and Fishing (also SEMARNAT) holds the responsibilities for the environment in Mexico.

SEMARNAT was one of the government agencies within the Intersectoral Commission for Climate Change that elaborated Mexico's Climate Change Strategy.[38]

Greenhouse gas emissions

According to Mexico's Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, the country emitted 643 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) in 2002, of which almost 400 Mt CO2e resulted from the combustion of fossil fuels (over 60 percent of total emissions). The sources of Mexico's GHG emissions are energy generation (24%), transport (18%), forests and land-use change (14%), waste management (10%), manufacturing and construction (8%), industrial processes (8%), agriculture (7%), fugitive emissions (6%), and other uses (5%).[39]

Climate change mitigation

Although the Kyoto Protocol does not require Mexico to reduce its GHG emissions, the country has committed to reduce its emissions voluntarily. In May 2007, President Calderón announced the National Climate Change Strategy[38] which focuses on climate change as a central part of Mexico's national development policy. The ENACC sets the long-term climate change agenda for the country, together with medium to long-term goals for adaptation and mitigation. In December 2008, Mexico announced that it would reduce its GHG emissions by 50% below 2002 levels by 2050.

In June 2009, the Government of Mexico formally committed itself to a detailed long-term plan for emission reductions embedded in the Special Climate Change Program (PECC)[40] that provides an accounting of emissions by sector, creates a framework for monitoring improvements and establishes a legally binding blueprint for emission reduction initiatives, sector by sector. The PECC sets out a four pillar program that includes (i) a long-term vision for government action; (ii) sectoral plans for GHG mitigation; (iii) plans for adaptation; and (iv) cross-cutting policy initiatives.

CDM projects in electricity

On September 2009, there are 47 energy-related registered CDM projects in Mexico with a total emission reduction potential of about 3.5 million tons of CO2 equivalent. The table below presents the number of projects by type:

Project type Number Estimated annual emission reductions (ktons CO2e)
Hydro 3 119
Cogeneration 1 261
Methane recovery and electricity generation 32 899
Wind 8 2,242
Wastewater treatment 2 19

Source: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[41]

External assistance

World Bank

Currently, the World Bank is contributing funds and assistance through several projects related to the energy sector in Mexico.

IDB

Currently, four IDB financed energy activities are under implementation in Mexico.

Sources

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos" (PDF). INEGI. p. 106. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SENER (2009). Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2008-2017 (PDF) (report) (in Spanish). Mexico.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 EIA Archived October 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. 1 2 3 SENER Statistics
  5. ↑ ENERGIA Archived April 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. 1 2 3 SENER (2006). Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2006-2015 (PDF) (report) (in Spanish). Mexico.
  7. ↑ Invest in Guatemala, April 28, 2009
  8. 1 2 Indicators CFE and LFC
  9. ↑ SENER Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ CRE Indicators
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 World Bank (24 October 2005). Mexico: infrastructure public expenditure review (IPER) (Public expenditure review). Washington, DC.
  12. 1 2 3 4 SENER & GTZ (2006). Energías renovables para el desarrollo sustentable en México (PDF) (report) (in Spanish). Mexico. ISBN 970-9983-07-5.
  13. ↑ "La Jornada" Archived September 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 SENER (2009). Programa especial para el aprovechamiento de energías renovables (PDF) (report) (in Spanish). Mexico.
  15. 1 2 "Perspectiva del Mercado de la Energía Renovable en México"
  16. ↑ Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo
  17. ↑ http://guillermosoberon.amplify.com/2009/11/15/tiene-sonora-condiciones-para-crear-energia-eolica/
  18. ↑ Community Outreach Program of Wind Energy in Mexico, First Phase Completion. Yahoo Finance 2014 Archived February 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ Energía eólica: Proyecciones en México para el 2014. America Latina Business Review
  20. ↑ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/markets/news/article.asp?docKey=600-201401200848PR_NEWS_USPRX____PH49003-1
  21. 1 2 3 4 Carreón, Victor; Jimenez, Armando (2003). "The Mexican Electricity Sector: Economic, Legal and Political Issues" (PDF) (working paper). Standford University.
  22. ↑ Stanford Archived April 7, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
  23. 1 2 3 DECRETO por el que se expide la Ley para el Aprovechamiento de Energías Renovables y el Financiamiento de la Transición Energética (Secretaría de Energía), Act No. DOF: 28/11/2008 of 28 November 2008 (in Spanish)
  24. 1 2 DECRETO por el que se expide la Ley para el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Energía (Secretaría de Energía), Act No. DOF: 28/11/2008 of 28 November 2008 (in Spanish)
  25. ↑ José Córdoba (12 October 2009). "Mexico power takeover creates sparks". Mexico City: Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  26. ↑ BBC (12 October 2009). "Mexico shuts down troubled energy firm". BBC News. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  27. ↑ DECRETO por el que se reforman y adicionan diversas disposiciones de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en Materia de Energía (Secretaría de Gobernación), Act No. DOF: 20/12/2013 of 20 December 2013 (in Spanish)
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Secretaría de Energía (SENER) (30 May 2016). Programa de desarrollo del sistema eléctrico nacional (PRODESEN) 2016-2030 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish).
  29. ↑ DECRETO por el que se expiden la Ley de la Industria Eléctrica, la Ley de Energía Geotérmica y se adicionan y reforman diversas disposiciones de la Ley de Aguas Nacionales (Secretaría de Energía), Act No. DOF: 11/08/2014 of 11 August 2014 (in Spanish)
  30. ↑ DECRETO por el que se expiden la Ley de Petróleos Mexicanos y la Ley de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad, y se reforman y derogan diversas disposiciones de la Ley Federal de las Entidades Paraestatales; la Ley de Adquisiciones, Arrendamientos y Servicios del Sector Público y la Ley de Obras Públicas y Servicios Relacionados con las Mismas (Secretaría de Energía), Act No. DOF: 11/08/2014 of 11 August 2014 (in Spanish)
  31. 1 2 3 SENER (2015). Prospectiva del sector eléctrico 2015-2029 (PDF) (report) (in Spanish). Mexico.
  32. ↑ Forbes (30 March 2016). "Sener modifica resultados de primera subasta eléctrica" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Forbes Mexico. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  33. ↑ DECRETO por el que se expide la Ley de Transición Energética (Secretaría de Energía), Act No. DOF: 24/12/2015 of 24 December 2015 (in Spanish)
  34. ↑ Forbes (22 September 2016). "Éstos son los ganadores de la segunda subasta eléctrica de México" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Forbes Mexico. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  35. 1 2 3 4 World Bank (15 January 2004). Energy policies and the Mexican economy (Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) technical paper). 47. Washington, DC.
  36. 1 2 3 World Bank (10 August 2004). Mexico: public expenditure review, Volume II: Main report (Public expenditure review). 2. Washington, DC.
  37. 1 2 3 Cámara de Diputados
  38. 1 2 SEMARNAT, Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático (ENACC)
  39. ↑ SEMARNAT, Mexico Third National Communication to the UNFCCC
  40. ↑ SEMARNAT, Programa Especial para Cambio Climático (PECC)
  41. ↑ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
  42. ↑ Mexico Presidency
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