Dol hareubang

Dol hareubang

A dol hareubang at Tamna Mokseokwon on Jeju Island.
Korean name
Hangul 돌 하르방
Revised Romanization Dol hareubang
McCune–Reischauer Tol harŭbang
Alternate names:
Beoksumeori (벅수머리)
Museongmok (무성목/武石木)
Useongmok (우성목/偶石木)

Dol hareubangs, also called tol harubangs, hareubangs, or harubangs, are large rock statues found on Jeju Island off the southern tip of South Korea. They are considered to be gods offering both protection and fertility and were placed outside of gates for protection against demons travelling between realities.

Description

Dol hareubangs are carved from porous basalt (volcanic rock) and can be up to three metres high. The statues' faces feature grinning expressions, bulging eyes without pupils, a long, broad nose, and slight smile, and their hands rest on their bellies, one slightly above the other. In sets of two, one has a higher left hand, and the other a higher right hand. The hat is commonly described as phallic or mushroom-like.

Etymology

The name dol hareubang derives from the Korean word for "stone" (dol 돌), plus the Jeju dialect word hareubang (하르방), meaning "grandfather" or "senior" (harabeoji [할아버지] in Standard Korean), and was coined in the mid-20th century. Other earlier names for the statues include beoksumeori, museongmok, and useongmok. Beoksumeori, meaning shaman head, is used in the former area of Jeongui Hyeon (county), museongmok in Daejeong Hyeon and Jeongui Hyeon, and useongmok only in Jeju Hyeon. Historically, the Tamna Chronicles called them ongjungseok (옹중석/翁仲石), but this usage is unknown today.

History

A dol hareubang in the National Museum of Korea in Seoul

There are three main theories as to the origin of dol hareubangs: either that they were introduced by visitors from the sea, that they are a counterpart to the jangseungs (totem poles) of mainland Korea, or that they spread with shamanic mushroom culture. Jangseungs are also called beoksu in southern Korea, and this similarity with the name beoksumeori lends credence to the second theory.

According to the Tamnaji a work dealing with the geography of Jejudo, the first dolhareubang was manufactured in 1754.[1] Dol hareubangs produced from 1763 to 1765 once stood outside the eastern, western, and southern gates of the Jeju City fortress as guardian deities.

In 2014, a Korea Aerospace University Professor Woo Sil-ha found a Chinese seokinsang (石人像, stone man statue) strikingly similar to dol hareubang in the Jianping Museum, Chaoyang, Liaoning, China. The seokinsang which is of Chinese Liao dynasty (907–1125) was discovered in December 2011 in Heishui, Jianping County, Liaoning, China. The Professor said that the origin of dol hareubang requires re-examination.[2]

Mushroom theory

Halla San has been named in Chinese literature as one of the Sam Shin San (삼신산/ 三神山), or one of the Three Spirit Mountains. These mountains are considered gateways to the spirit world and have the Amanita muscaria growing in abundance. This mushroom is well known by the Siberians and is a possible origin for the stone grandfather.

This theory lends that powerful shamans descending from the North established a magic mushroom cult on the island in which stone grandfathers were set at the sides of thresholds to prevent the entry of unwanted spirits.

The mushroom and its related imagery have had great importance in Korea, visible in ancient crowns, funeral urns, and the Ship Jang Saeng Do (십장생도). The dol hareubangs are a form of political propaganda, representations of the sacred powers of the mushroom, its associated deity, and attesting to the power of the shamans.

Dol hareubangs today

A dol hareubang at Hyeopjae Beach on Jeju Island

Dol hareubangs have become the symbol of Jeju Island, and replicas of various sizes are sold as tourist souvenirs. The statues are sometimes sold as sources of fertility, and small replicas are sometimes given to women with fertility problems. The origin of this may have more to do with Jeju Do's present-day status as a "honeymoon island" than tradition.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Yoo, Myeonng-jong (September 10, 2008). 100 Cultural Symbols of Korea (First ed.). 431, king’s garden office hotel 3rd complex, 72, naesoo-dong, Jongno-gu. seoul, korea: Discovery Media. p. 110.
  2. ↑ ""제주 돌하르방-중국 요나라 석인상 매우 유사"…돌하르방 기원 논쟁 재점화" ["Jeju Dol hareubang - Very similar to Seokinsang of Chinese Liao dynasty"... Re-ignites Dol hareubang origin controversy]. Ihalla.com. 29 October 2014.
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