Dimitrija Čupovski

Dimitrija Čupovski
Born (1878-11-08)November 8, 1878
Papradište (Čaška), Ottoman Empire, (now Republic of Macedonia)
Died October 29, 1940(1940-10-29) (aged 61)
Leningrad, Soviet Union
(now Russian Federation)
Occupation Lexicographer and philologist

Dimitrija Čupovski (Macedonian: Димитрија Чуповски) (November 8, 1878 – October 29, 1940) was a Macedonian textbook writer and lexicographer.

Early years

Dimitrija Čupovski was born in the village of Papradište (now part of Čaška Municipality) in the Ottoman Empire, (now Republic of Macedonia). Before Čupovski was born, his father had been killed by Albanian mercenaries. When he was 10 years old his village was burned, and he and his family then settled in Kruševo, the birthplace of his mother. After learning the painting trade, he and his brothers left for Sofia in search of work. In the capital of the newly established Kingdom of Bulgaria Čupovski worked during the day and visited the school organized by Dame Gruev, Petar Pop Arsov and other students.

However, after that he continued his education in Belgrade and Saint Petersburg. The pro-Bulgarian revolutionary Hristo Shaldev, who lived then in St. Petersburg, described him as a person sharing pro-Russian views. According to Shaldev, a member of the Secret Macedonian-Adrianopolitan circle in St. Peterburg and IMRO, the main ideologists under whose influence Cupovski failed, were the Serbian professors Stojan Novakovic, Jovan Cvijić and Aleksandar Belić.[1] Especially Novaković used his diplomatic role in St. Petersburg to put his ideas into practice, through his support to the Macedonian Literary Society, established in Saint Petersburg in 1902, and its "Macedonist" members as Čupovski.[2][3]

When in 1905 Čupovski tried to organize for the first time a pan-Macedonian conference in Veles, he was expelled from the town by a local chief of IMRO Ivan Naumov,[4][5] and was threatened with death for his pro-Macedonian and anti-Bulgarian ideas.[6] Blaže Ristovski claims that it happened because of the intrigues of the local Bulgarian Metropolitan bishop and the activity of Shaldev, who then described Čupovski as a Serbian agent,[7] but eventually, in his Memoirs, would present a letter from Čupovski, written in 1904, in which he speaks against “the Serbian propaganda in Macedonia and its destructive influence amongst the people”.[8] Some Bulgarian researchers also suppose that Čupovski was a marginal figure and Serbian agent on a service of the Russian Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[9][10]

After the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912 and the occupation of Macedonia, Chupovski arrived on November 17 in Sofia, where he met with a part of the Macedonian emigration, but without much success. On December 4, he arrived in Skopje where Čupovski stayed at the home of his uncle and also met with some local citizens. This attempt to persuade them to adopt his pro-Macedonian ideas failed too, and he was even expelled by his relative.[11]

Then he went to Veles, where he organized a pan-Macedonian conference, that was de facto a meeting attended by some local revolutionaries from the left wing of the IMRO. Chupovski convinced them to send representatives to the London peace conference to try to preserve the integrity of the region of Macedonia, but finally this attempt ended also unsuccessful. Afterwards Čupovski left Macedonia and returned to Petersburg, where he initiated the sending of a memorandum to the autonomy of Macedonia to the Great Powers and another to the countries of the Balkan League.[12] After the Balkan Wars and the Serbian occupation of Vardar Macedonia Čupovski also exposed every detail of the Serbian chauvinistic propaganda, and every victim of the Serbian aggression.[13][14]

He was one of the founders of the Macedonian Literary Society, established in Saint Petersburg in 1902, and served as its president from 1902 to 1917. Čupovski was also the author of a large number of articles and official documents, publisher of the printed bulletin of the Macedonian Colony, and organiser of several Macedonian associations. He wrote verse both in Russian and Macedonian. He also produced the first Macedonian-Russian dictionary, worked on a Macedonian grammar and an encyclopaedic monograph on Macedonia and the Macedonians. He also drew up an ethnic and geographical map of Macedonia.

In the period 1913–1914, Čupovski published the newspaper "Македонскi Голосъ" (Macedonian Voice) in which he and fellow members of the Petersburg Macedonian Colony promoted the existence of a separate Macedonian people which is different from the Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs, and were struggling to popularize the idea for an independent Macedonian state. After the First World War and the October Revolution in Russia, the political activity of Chupovski ceased.

Dimitrija Čupovski is considered one of the most prominent ethnic Macedonians in history and one of the most important actors of the ethnic Macedonian awakening.

References

  1. ↑ Extracts from the memoirs of Hristo Shaldev, Macedonian revolutionary (1876–1962), Macedonian Patriotic Organization "TA" (Adelaide, Australia, 1993), 2. The Slav Macedonian Student Society in St. Petersburg.
  2. ↑ One hundred years of Yugoslavia: the vision of Stojan Novaković revisited, The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, Volume 39, Issue 6, 2011, Bojan Aleksov, pp. 997–1010.
  3. ↑ The national idea as a research problem Problems in European civilization, Instytut Slawistyki (Polska Akademia Nauk) Jolanta Sujecka, 2002, ISBN 838661949X, p. 279.
  4. ↑ We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009, ISBN 9639776289, p. 133.
  5. ↑ Blaže Ristovski, Вардар: научно-литературно и општествено-политичко списание на К. П. Мисирков, Skopje, 1966, p. 34.
  6. ↑ The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation, Keith Brown, Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN 0691099952, p. 270.
  7. ↑ Blaže Ristovski, Столетија на македонската свест, Skopje: Kultura, 2001, p. 35
  8. ↑ Extracts from the memoirs of Hristo Shaldev: 2. The Slav Macedonian Student Society in St. Petersburg, Macedonian Patriotic Organization "TA" (Adelaide, Australia, 1993), p. 17.
  9. ↑ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 52.
  10. ↑ Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него. Коста Църнушанов, Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992 г. p. 82.
  11. ↑ Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него. Коста Църнушанов, Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992 г. стр. 82.
  12. ↑ The Balkan Wars in the Eyes of the Warring Parties: Perceptions and Interpretations, Igor Despot, iUniverse, 2012, ISBN 1475947038, p. 242.
  13. ↑ Čupovski noted the concise number of victims of the Serbian massacres against the Macedonians: "Serbian terror", МАКЕДОНСКIЙ ГОЛОСЪ, No. 8, (December 22, 1913), pg. 15
  14. ↑ Čupovski аbout the Serbian vandalism against the Macedonian cultural heritage: "They are worse than the Turks". – МАКЕДОНСКIЙ ГОЛОСЪ, No. 1, (Јune 9, 1913), pg. 23
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