Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975[1] and revised in 1977,[2] and 1980.[3] However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982 [4] and revised in 1985.[5] His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.[6]
Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).
Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification.[7] (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)
1980 system
Summary
- class Magnoliopsida (Flowering Plants (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta)
- subclass Magnoliidae (Dicotyledons) 24 superorders
- superorder Magnoliiflorae
- superorder Nymphaeiflorae
- superorder Ranunculiflorae
- superorder Caryophylliflorae
- superorder Polygoniflorae
- superorder Malviflorae
- superorder Violiflorae
- superorder Theiflorae
- superorder Primuliflorae
- superorder Rosiflorae
- superorder Podostemiflorae
- superorder Fabiflorae
- superorder Proteiflorae
- superorder Myrtiflorae
- superorder Rutiflorae
- superorder Santaliflorae
- superorder Balanophoriflorae
- superorder Araliiflorae
- superorder Asteriflorae
- superorder Solaniflorae
- superorder Corniflorae
- superorder Loasiflorae
- superorder Gentianiflorae
- superorder Lamiiflorae
- subclass Liliidae (Monocotyledons) 7 superorders
- superorder Alismatiflorae
- superorder Triuridiflorae
- superorder Ariflorae
- superorder Liliiflorae
- superorder Zingiberiflorae
- superorder Commeliniflorae
- superorder Areciflorae
Magnoliidae (Dicotyledons)
- subclass Magnoliiflorae
- superorder Magnolianae
- order Annonales
- family Annonaceae
- family Myristicaceae
- family Eupomatiaceae
- family Canellaceae
- family Austrobaileyaceae
- order Aristolochiales
- family Aristolochiaceae
- order Rafflesiales
- family Rafflesiaceae
- family Hydnoraceae
- order Magnoliales
- family Degeneriaceae
- family Himantandraceae
- family Magnoliaceae
- order Lactoridales
- family Lactoridaceae
- order Winterales
- family Winteraceae
- order Chloranthales
- family Chloranthaceae
- order Illiciales
- family Illiciaceae
- family Schisandraceae
- order Laurales
- family Amborellaceae
- family Trimeniaceae
- family Monimiaceae
- family Gomortegaceae
- family Calycanthaceae
- family Lauraceae
- order Nelumbonales
- family Nelumbonaceae
- order Annonales
- superorder Nymphaeiflorae
- order Piperales
- family Saururaceae
- family Piperaceae
- order Nymphaeales
- family Cabombaceae
- family Nymphaeaceae
- family Ceratophyllaceae
- order Piperales
- superorder Ranunculiflorae
- order Ranunculales
- family Lardizabalaceae
- family Sargentodoxaceae
- family Menispermaceae
- family Kingdoniaceae
- family Circaeasteraceae
- family Ranunculaceae
- family Hydrastidaceae
- family Berberidaceae
- order Papaverales
- family Papaveraceae
- family Fumariaceae
- order Ranunculales
- superorder Caryophylliflorae
- order Caryophyllales
- family Molluginaceae
- family Caryophyllaceae
- family Phytolaccaceae
- family Achatocarpaceae
- family Agdestidaceae
- family Basellaceae
- family Portulacaceae
- family Stegnospermataceae
- family Nyctaginaceae
- family Aizoaceae
- family Halophytaceae
- family Cactaceae
- family Didiereaceae
- family Hectorellaceae
- family Chenopodiaceae
- family Amaranthaceae
- order Caryophyllales
- superorder Polygoniflorae
- order Polygonales
- family Polygonaceae
- order Polygonales
- superorder Malviflorae
- order Malvales
- family Sterculiaceae
- family Plagiopteraceae
- family Bixaceae
- family Cochlospermaceae
- family Cistaceae
- family Sphaerosepalaceae
- family Sarcolaenaceae
- family Huaceae
- family Tiliaceae
- family Dipterocarpaceae
- family Bombacaceae
- family Malvaceae
- order Urticales
- family Ulmaceae
- family Moraceae
- family Cecropiaceae
- family Barbeyaceae
- family Cannabaceae
- family Urticaceae
- order Euphorbiales
- family Euphorbiaceae
- family Simmondsiaceae
- family Pandaceae
- family Aextoxicaceae
- family Dichapetalaceae
- order Plumbaginales
- family Plumbaginaceae
- family Limoniaceae
- order Thymelaeales
- family Gonystylaceae
- family Thymelaeaceae
- order Rhamnales
- family Rhamnaceae
- order Malvales
- superorder Violiflorae
- order Violales
- family Flacourtiaceae
- family Berberidopsidaceae
- family Aphloiaceae
- family Physenaceae
- family Passifloraceae
- family Dipentodontaceae
- family Peridiscaceae
- family Scyphostegiaceae
- family Violaceae
- family Turneraceae
- family Malesherbiaceae
- family Caricaceae
- order Cucurbitales
- family Achariaceae
- family Cucurbitaceae
- family Begoniaceae
- family Datiscaceae
- order Salicales
- family Salicaceae
- order Tamaricales
- family Tamaricaceae
- family Frankeniaceae
- order Capparales
- family Capparaceae
- family Brassicaceae
- family Tovariaceae
- family Resedaceae
- family Gyrostemonaceae
- family Bataceae
- family Moringaceae
- order Tropaeolales
- family Tropaeolaceae
- family Limnanthaceae
- order Salvadorales
- family Salvadoraceae
- order Violales
- superorder Theiflorae
- order Dilleniales
- family Dilleniaceae
- order Paeoniales
- family Glaucidiaceae
- family Paeoniaceae
- order Theales
- family Stachyuraceae
- family Pentaphylacaceae
- family Marcgraviaceae
- family Quiinaceae
- family Ancistrocladaceae
- family Dioncophyllaceae
- family Nepenthaceae
- family Medusagynaceae
- family Caryocaraceae
- family Strasburgeriaceae
- family Ochnaceae
- family Chrysobalanaceae
- family Oncothecaceae
- family Scytopetalaceae
- family Theaceae
- family Bonnetiaceae
- family Clusiaceae
- family Elatinaceae
- order Lecythidales
- family Lecythidaceae
- order Dilleniales
- superorder Primuliflorae
- order Primulales
- family Myrsinaceae
- family Aegicerataceae
- family Theophrastaceae
- family Primulaceae
- family Coridaceae
- order Ebenales
- family Sapotaceae
- family Styracaceae
- family Lissocarpaceae
- family Ebenaceae
- order Primulales
- superorder Rosiflorae
- order Trochodendrales
- family Trochodendraceae
- family Tetracentraceae
- order Cercidiphyllales
- family Cercidiphyllaceae
- family Eupteleaceae
- order Hamamelidales
- family Hamamelidaceae
- family Platanaceae
- family Myrothamnaceae
- order Balanopales
- family Balanopaceae
- order Fagales
- family Nothofagaceae
- family Fagaceae
- family Corylaceae
- family Betulaceae
- order Juglandales
- family Rhoipteleaceae
- family Juglandaceae
- order Myricales
- family Myricaceae
- order Casuarinales
- family Casuarinaceae
- order Buxales)
- family Buxaceae
- family Daphniphyllaceae
- family Didymelaceae
- order Geissolomatales
- family Geissolomataceae
- order Cunoniales
- family Cunoniaceae
- family Baueraceae
- family Brunelliaceae
- family Davidsoniaceae
- family Eucryphiaceae
- family Bruniaceae
- family Grubbiaceae
- order Saxifragales
- family Saxifragaceae
- family Francoaceae
- family Greyiaceae
- family Brexiaceae
- family Grossulariaceae
- family Iteaceae
- family Cephalotaceae
- family Crassulaceae
- order Droserales
- family Droseraceae
- family Lepuropetalaceae
- family Parnassiaceae
- order Rosales
- family Rosaceae
- family Neuradaceae
- family Malaceae
- family Amygdalaceae
- family Anisophylleaceae
- family Crossosomataceae
- family Surianaceae
- family Rhabdodendraceae
- order Gunnerales
- family Gunneraceae
- order Trochodendrales
- superorder Podostemiflorae
- order Podostemales
- family Podostemaceae (including Tristichaceae)
- order Podostemales
- superorder Fabiflorae
- order Fabales
- family Mimosaceae
- family Caesalpiniaceae
- family Fabaceae
- order Fabales
- superorder Proteiflorae
- order Proteales
- family Proteaceae
- order Elaeagnales
- family Elaeagnaceae
- order Proteales
- superorder Myrtiflorae
- order Myrtales
- family Psiloxylaceae
- family Heteropyxidaceae
- family Myrtaceae
- family Onagraceae
- family Trapaceae
- family Lythraceae
- family Combretaceae
- family Melastomataceae
- family Memecylaceae
- family Crypteroniaceae
- family Oliniaceae
- family Penaeaceae
- family Rhynchocalycaceae
- family Alzateaceae
- order Haloragales
- family Haloragaceae
- order Myrtales
- superorder Rutiflorae
- order Sapindales
- family Coriariaceae
- family Anacardiaceae
- family Leitneriaceae
- family Podoaceae
- family Sapindaceae
- family Hippocastanaceae
- family Aceraceae
- family Akaniaceae
- family Bretschneideraceae
- family Emblingiaceae
- family Staphyleaceae
- family Melianthaceae
- family Sabiaceae)
- family Meliosmaceae
- family Connaraceae
- order Rutales
- family Rutaceae
- family Ptaeroxylaceae
- family Cneoraceae
- family Simaroubaceae
- family Tepuianthaceae
- family Burseraceae
- family Meliaceae
- order Polygalales
- family Malpighiaceae
- family Trigoniaceae
- family Vochysiaceae
- family Polygalaceae
- family Krameriaceae
- order Geraniales
- family Zygophyllaceae
- family Nitrariaceae
- family Peganaceae
- family Balanitaceae
- family Erythroxylaceae
- family Humiriaceae
- family Linaceae
- family Ctenolophonaceae
- family Ixonanthaceae
- family Lepidobotryaceae
- family Oxalidaceae (including Averrhoaceae)
- family Geraniaceae
- family Dirachmaceae
- family Ledocarpaceae
- family Vivianiaceae
- family Biebersteiniaceae
- order Linales (incorporated into Geraniales)
- family Linaceae
- family Humiriaceae
- family Ctenolophonaceae
- family Ixonanthaceae
- family Erythroxylaceae
- family Lepidobotryaceae
- family Oxalidaceae
- order Celastrales
- family Stackhousiaceae
- family Lophopyxidaceae
- family Cardiopteridaceae
- family Corynocarpaceae
- family Celastraceae
- order Rhizophorales
- family Rhizophoraceae
- family Elaeocarpaceae
- order Balsaminales
- family Balsaminaceae
- order Sapindales
- superorder Santaliflorae
- order Santalales
- family Olacaceae
- family Opiliaceae
- family Loranthaceae
- family Medusandraceae
- family Misodendraceae
- family Eremolepidaceae
- family Santalaceae
- family Viscaceae
- order Santalales
- superorder Balanophoriflorae
- order Balanophorales
- family Cynomoriaceae
- family Balanophoraceae
- order Balanophorales
- superorder Araliiflorae
- order Pittosporales
- family Pittosporaceae
- family Tremandraceae
- family Byblidaceae
- order Araliales
- family Araliaceae
- family Apiaceae
- order Pittosporales
- superorder Asteriflorae
- order Campanulales
- family Pentaphragmataceae
- family Campanulaceae
- family Lobeliaceae
- order Asterales
- family Asteraceae
- order Campanulales
- superorder Solaniflorae
- order Solanales
- family Solanaceae
- family Sclerophylacaceae
- family Goetzeaceae
- family Convolvulaceae
- family Cuscutaceae
- family Cobaeaceae
- family Polemoniaceae
- order Boraginales
- family Hydrophyllaceae
- family Ehretiaceae
- family Boraginaceae
- family Lennoaceae
- family Hoplestigmataceae
- order Solanales
- superorder Corniflorae
- order Fouquieriales
- family Fouquieriaceae
- order Ericales
- family Actinidiaceae
- family Clethraceae
- family Cyrillaceae
- family Ericaceae
- family Empetraceae
- family Monotropaceae
- family Pyrolaceae
- family Epacridaceae
- order Eucommiales
- family Eucommiaceae
- order Sarraceniales
- family Sarraceniaceae
- order Cornales
- family Garryaceae
- family Alangiaceae
- family Nyssaceae
- family Cornaceae
- family Roridulaceae
- family Davidiaceae
- family Escalloniaceae
- family Helwingiaceae
- family Torricelliaceae
- family Aucubaceae
- family Aralidiaceae
- family Diapensiaceae
- family Phellinaceae
- family Aquifoliaceae
- family Paracryphiaceae
- family Sphenostemonaceae
- family Symplocaceae
- family Icacinaceae
- family Montiniaceae
- family Columelliaceae
- family Stylidiaceae (including Donatiaceae)
- family Alseuosmiaceae
- family Hydrangeaceae
- family Sambucaceae
- family Viburnaceae
- family Menyanthaceae
- family Adoxaceae
- family Phyllonomaceae
- family Tribelaceae
- family Eremosynaceae
- family Pterostemonaceae
- family Tetracarpaeaceae
- order Dipsacales
- family Caprifoliaceae
- family Valerianaceae
- family Dipsacaceae
- family Morinaceae
- family Calyceraceae
- order Fouquieriales
- superorder Loasiflorae
- order Loasales
- family Loasaceae
- order Loasales
- superorder Gentianiflorae
- order Goodeniales
- family Goodeniaceae
- order Oleales
- family Oleaceae
- order Gentianales
- family Desfontainiaceae
- family Loganiaceae
- family Dialypetalanthaceae
- family Rubiaceae
- family Theligonaceae
- family Gentianaceae
- family Saccifoliaceae
- family Apocynaceae
- family Asclepiadaceae
- order Goodeniales
- superorder Lamiiflorae
- order Lamiales
- family Retziaceae
- family Stilbaceae
- family Buddlejaceae
- family Scrophulariaceae
- family Myoporaceae
- family Globulariaceae
- family Plantaginaceae
- family Lentibulariaceae
- family Pedaliaceae
- family Trapellaceae
- family Martyniaceae
- family Gesneriaceae
- family Bignoniaceae
- family Acanthaceae
- family Verbenaceae
- family Lamiaceae
- family Callitrichaceae
- order Hydrostachyales
- family Hydrostachyaceae
- order Hippuridales
- family Hippuridaceae
- order Lamiales
- superorder Magnolianae
- subclass Magnoliiflorae
1982 system (Monocotyledons)
Summary
6 Superorders
- Superorder Alismatiflorae
- Superorder Ariflorae
- Superorder Liliiflorae
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae
- Superorder Commeliniflorae
- Superorder Areciflorae
Details
- Superorder Alismatiflorae 5 Orders
- Superorder Ariflorae 1 Order
- Order Arales
- Superorder Liliiflorae 11 Orders
- Order Dioscoreales
- Order Taccales
- Order Asparagales
- Family Smilacaceae
- Family Petermanniaceae
- Family Philesiaceae
- Family Convallariaceae
- Family Asparagaceae
- Family Herreriaceae
- Family Dracaenaceae
- Family Doryanthaceae
- Family Dasypogonaceae
- Family Phormiaceae
- Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
- Family Agavaceae
- Family Hypoxidaceae
- Family Asphodelaceae
- Family Aphyllanthaceae
- Family Dianellaceae
- Family Tecophilaeaceae
- Family Cyanastraceae
- Family Eriospermaceae
- Family Hemerocallidaceae
- Family Funkiaceae
- Family Hyacinthaceae
- Family Alliaceae
- Family Amaryllidaceae
- Order Liliales
- Family Iridaceae
- Family Geosiridaceae
- Family Colchicaceae
- Family Alstroemeriaceae
- Family Tricyrtidaceae
- Family Calochortaceae
- Family Liliaceae
- Family Melanthiaceae
- Order Burmanniales
- Order Orchidales
- Order Pontederiales
- Order Haemodorales
- Order Philydrales
- Order Velloziales
- Order Bromeliales
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 Order
- Order Zingiberales
- Superorder Commeliniflorae 8 Orders
- Superorder Areciflorae 3 Orders
1985 system (Monocotyledons)
Summary
10 superorders
- Superorder Liliiflorae
- Superorder Ariflorae
- Superorder Triuridiflorae
- Superorder Alismatiflorae
- Superorder Bromeliiflorae
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae
- Superorder Commeliniflorae
- Superorder Cyclanthiflorae
- Superorder Areciflorae
- Superorder Pandaniflorae
Details
Liliiflorae
- Superorder Liliiflorae 6 Orders p. 107
- order Dioscoreales
- family Trichopodaceae
- family Dioscoreaceae
- family Taccaceae
- family Stemonaceae
- family Trilliaceae
- family Smilacaceae
- family Petermanniaceae
- order Asparagales
- family Philesiaceae
- family Luzuriagaceae
- family Convallariaceae
- family Asparagaceae
- family Ruscaceae
- family Herreriaceae
- family Dracaenaceae
- family Nolinaceae
- family Asteliaceae
- family Hanguanaceae
- family Dasypogonaceae
- family Calectasiaceae
- family Blandfordiaceae
- family Xanthorrhoeaceae
- family Agavaceae
- family Hypoxidaceae
- family Tecophilaeaceae
- family Cyanastraceae
- family Eriospermaceae
- family Ixioliriaceae
- family Phormiaceae
- family Doryanthaceae
- family Hemerocallidaceae
- family Asphodelaceae
- family Anthericaceae
- family Aphyllanthaceae
- family [[Funkiaceae]]
- family Hyacinthaceae
- family Alliaceae
- family Amaryllidaceae
- tribe Amaryllideae
- tribe Hippeastrae
- tribe Lycoridae
- tribe Stenomesseae
- tribe Eucharideae
- tribe Pancratieae
- tribe Narcisseae
- tribe Galantheae
- order Melanthiales
- family Melanthiaceae
- family Campynemaceae
- order Burmanniales
- family Burmanniaceae
- family Thismiaceae
- family Corsiaceae
- order Liliales
- family Alstroemeriaceae
- family Colchicaceae
- family Uvulariaceae
- family Calochortaceae
- family Liliaceae
- family Geosiridaceae
- family Iridaceae
- order Orchids
- family Apostasiaceae
- family Cypripediaceae
- family Orchidaceae
- order Dioscoreales
- Superorder Liliiflorae 6 Orders p. 107
Ariflorae
Triuridiflorae
- Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 Order p. 287
- order Triuridales
- family Triuridaceae
- order Triuridales
- Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 Order p. 287
Alismatiflorae
- Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 Orders p. 292
- order Alismatales
- family Aponogetonaceae
- family Butomaceae
- family Limnocharitaceae
- family Alismataceae
- family Hydrocharitaceae
- order Najadales
- family Scheuchzeriaceae
- family Juncaginaceae
- family Potamogetonaceae
- family Posidoniaceae
- family Zosteraceae
- family Zannichelliaceae
- family Cymodoceaceae
- family Najadaceae
- order Alismatales
- Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 Orders p. 292
Bromeliiflorae
- Superorder Bromeliflorae 6 Orders p. 323
- order Velloziales
- family Velloziaceae
- order Bromeliales
- family Bromeliaceae
- order Philydrales
- family Philydraceae
- order Haemodorales
- family Haemodoraceae
- order Pontederiales
- family Pontederiaceae
- order Typhales
- family Sparganiaceae
- family Typhaceae
- order Velloziales
- Superorder Bromeliflorae 6 Orders p. 323
Zingiberiflorae
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 Order p. 350
- order Zingiberales
- family Lowiaceae
- family Musaceae
- family Heliconiaceae
- family Strelitziaceae
- family Zingiberaceae
- family Costaceae
- family Cannaceae
- family Marantaceae
- order Zingiberales
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 Order p. 350
Commeliniflorae
- Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 Orders p. 374
- order Commelinales
- family Commelinaceae
- family Mayacaceae
- family Xyridaceae
- family Rapateaceae
- family Eriocaulaceae
- order Hydatellales
- family Hydatellaceae
- order Cyperales
- family Juncaceae
- family Thurniaceae
- family Cyperaceae
- order Poales
- family Flagellariaceae
- family Joinvilleaceae
- family Poaceae
- family Ecdeiocolaceae
- family Anarthriaceae
- family Restionaceae
- family Centrolepidaceae
- order Commelinales
- Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 Orders p. 374
Cyclanthiflorae
- Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 Order p. 461
- order Cyclanthales
- family Cyclanthaceae
- order Cyclanthales
- Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 Order p. 461
Areciflorae
- Superorder Areciflorae 1 Order p. 467
Pandaniflorae
- Superorder Pandaniflorae 1 Order p. 480
- order Pandanales
- family Pandanaceae
- order Pandanales
- Superorder Pandaniflorae 1 Order p. 480
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Dahlgren, Gertrud (July 1989). "An updated angiosperm classification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 100 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x.
- Dahlgren, R. (1975). "A system of classification of angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters". Botaniska Notiser. 128: 119–147.
- Dahlgren, Rolf (1977). A commentary on a diagrammatic presentation of the angiosperms in relation to the distribution of character states. pp. 253–284., in Kubitzki (1977)
- Kubitzki, Klaus, ed. (1977). Flowering Plants : Evolution and classification of higher categories. Symposium, Hamburg, September 8–12, 1976. Plant Systematics & Evolution - Supplementum 1. Wien: Springer. p. 416. ISBN 978-3-211-81434-5. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- Dahlgren, R. M. T. (February 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
- Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). The monocotyledons: A comparative study. London and New York: Academic Press.
- Dahlgren, R.M.; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Additional excerpts