Child PTSD Symptom Scale

The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) is a free checklist designed for children and adolescents to use to report traumatic events and symptoms that they might feel afterward.[1] The items cover the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), covering the symptoms and clusters used in the DSM-IV. Although relatively new, the CPSS has gathered a fair amount of research because traumatic events are common in youth. Some, but not all, people experience symptoms after a traumatic event, and in serious cases, these may not get better on their own. Early and accurate identification of people, especially children, having more distress could help with earlier intervention. The CPSS is one of a handful of promising measures that has accrued good evidence for reliability and validity, along with low cost, giving it good clinical utility as it addresses a public health need for better and larger scale assessment.

Overview

The CPSS questionnaire covers the symptoms of PTSD, specifically in youth aged 8-18, using the definitions and criteria from DSM-IV. The current edition of the DSM (DSM-V) made changes to the diagnosis of PTSD, and new research needs to check whether the DSM changes alter the accuracy of the CPSS. CPSS stands for Child PTSD Symptom Scale, CPSS-I is the CPSS Interview, and CPSS-SR is the CPSS Self Report

History

The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) is a 26-item self-report measure that assesses PTSD diagnostic criteria and symptom severity in children ages 8 to 18. It includes 2 event items, 17 symptom items, and 7 functional impairment items. Symptom items are rated on a 4-point frequency scale (0 = "not at all" to 3 = "5 or more times a week").[2] The test was created by Edna B. Foa and colleagues in 2001 as an adaptation to The PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS) created by Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum in 1993.[1][3] The changes made between these two versions were made to make the vocabulary more easily understandable for youth.[2]

Reliability

Reliability refers to whether the scores are reproducible. Internal consistency (whether all of the items measure the same construct) is the most commonly reported type of reliability in studies using the CPSS. Inter-rater reliability (which would measure how similar peoples' responses were if the interviews were repeated again, or different raters listened to the same interview) is more rarely reported.

.... sensitivity and specificity.[4] It has been validated via receiver operating characteristic analysis, establishing its ability to screen for problem drinking behaviors.[5]

Rubric for evaluating norms and reliability for the CPSS[lower-alpha 1]
Criterion Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good[lower-alpha 2]) Explanation with references
Norms Not applicable There are no nationally representative normative data for the CPSS; all of the data are clinical and convenience samples.
Internal consistency ***This is available! α= 0.xx
Inter-rater reliability Not reported Inter-rater reliability has not been reported for the CPSS. Other research has shown that interviewer characteristics can change people's tendencies to disclose information about sensitive or stigmatized behaviors, such as alcohol or drug use,[8][9] and so their willingness to disclose traumatic events could change.
Test-retest reliability (stability) Not reported Retest reliability measures whether people with high scores at one time tend to still have higher scores when completing the CPSS later. Such results have not been published yet.
Repeatability Not reported Repeatability studies would examine whether scores tend to shift over time; these would provide a helpful benchmark for measuring treatment outcomes.

Validity

Validity describes the evidence that an assessment tool measures what it was supposed to measure. There are many different ways of checking validity. For screening measures such as the CPSS, diagnostic accuracy, and discriminative validity are probably the most useful ways of looking at validity.

Evaluation of validity and utility for the CPSS[lower-alpha 1]
Criterion Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good[lower-alpha 2]) Explanation with references
Content validity Good Items are face valid and cover all three symptom clusters of PTSD from DSM-IV
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) Good Multiple studies show screening and treatment sensitivity across a range of age groups and samples
Discriminative validity
Validity generalization
Treatment sensitivity
Clinical utility Good Free (public domain), moderate research base, brief.

Assessment

Psychological assessment is a psychological evaluation process used by clinicians, in order to help them properly produce a hypothesis from the collected patient information. The Child PTSD Symptom Scale is a self-report assessment that clinicians use to diagnose PTSD symptoms and their severity in children ages 8–18. However, PTSD can be diagnosed much earlier than 8 years of age, and sometimes the victim fears who report their traumatic experiences. Therefore, other measures, such as teacher and caregiver assessments, must be conducted.

Child PTSD Measures
Assessment Version Age Length Description
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) Self-Report 8-18 26-item
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) Self-Report 8-16 54-item
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC) Caretaker 3-12 90-item
Parent Report of the Child’s Reaction to Stress Caretaker N/A 79-item
PTSD Scale for DSM-5: Child/Adolescent Version (CAPS-CA-5) Clinician 7+ 30-item

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Table from Youngstrom et al.,[6] extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008;[7]
  2. 1 2 indicates new construct or category

References

  1. 1 2 Foa, Edna B.; Johnson, Kelly M.; Feeny, Norah C.; Treadwell, Kimberli R.H. (September 2001). "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 30 (3): 376–384. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9. PMID 11501254.
  2. 1 2 "The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS)". National Center for PTSD. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  3. ↑ Burkett, Whitney. "Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS)". PerformWell. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  4. ↑ Bernadt, MW; Mumford, J; Taylor, C; Smith, B; Murray, RM (1982). "Comparison of questionnaire and laboratory tests in the detection of excessive drinking and alcoholism". Lancet. 6 (8267): 325–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91579-3. PMID 6120322.
  5. ↑ Hemphill-Pearson, Barbara (2008). Assessments in Occupational Therapy Mental Health: An Integrative Approach (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ USA: SLACK Incorporated. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-55642-773-2.
  6. ↑ Youngstrom, Eric A. "Evidence-Based Assessment". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  7. ↑ Hunsley, John; Mash, Eric (2008). A Guide to Assessments that Work. New York, NY: Oxford Press. pp. 1–696. ISBN 978-0195310641.
  8. ↑ Griensven, Frits van; Naorat, Sataphana; Kilmarx, Peter H.; Jeeyapant, Supaporn; Manopaiboon, Chomnad; Chaikummao, Supaporn; Jenkins, Richard A.; Uthaivoravit, Wat; Wasinrapee, Punneporn (2006-02-01). "Palmtop-assisted Self-Interviewing for the Collection of Sensitive Behavioral Data: Randomized Trial with Drug Use Urine Testing". American Journal of Epidemiology. 163 (3): 271–278. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj038. ISSN 0002-9262. PMID 16357109.
  9. ↑ Gribble, James N.; Miller, Heather G.; Cooley, Philip C.; Catania, Joseph A.; Pollack, Lance; Turner, Charles F. (2000-01-01). "The Impact of T-ACASI Interviewing on Reported Drug Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men". Substance Use & Misuse. 35 (6-8): 869–890. doi:10.3109/10826080009148425. ISSN 1082-6084. PMID 10847215.

Further reading


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