Military of the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands are a British overseas territory and, as such, rely on the UK for the guarantee of their security. The other UK territories in the South Atlantic, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, fall under the protection of the British forces on the Falklands (also known as British Forces Falkland Islands or British Forces South Atlantic Islands), which includes commitments from the British Army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy.^[3] They are headed by the Commander of the British Forces South Atlantic Islands (CBFSAI).^[4]

The maintenance of only a token military force before the Falklands War, and the suggestion that HMS Endurance was to be withdrawn, persuaded Argentina to start that conflict, assuming that Britain would not respond or be easily able to recapture the islands.^[5] Following the reclamation of the territory in 1982, the UK invested heavily in the defence of the islands, the centrepiece of which is the new airfield at RAF Mount Pleasant, 27 miles (43 km) west of Stanley.^[6] The base was opened in 1985, and became fully operational in 1986.^[7]

Falkland Islands Defence Force

The Falkland Islands maintains its own part-time volunteer force, the Falkland Islands Defence Force (FIDF), previously known as the Falkland Islands Volunteer Corps. Although this unit existed in 1982 as a reinforcement for the Governor's detachment of Royal Marines, it did not play any part in the main conflict during the war of 1982, its members having spent the duration of the hostilities under house arrest by the Argentines after their surrender on the Argentine capture of the islands.^[8][9][10] The FIDF is now a company-strength light infantry force with a permanent training Warrant Officer seconded from the Royal Marines. The FIDF operates in a number of roles and is fully integrated into the defence scheme for the islands. The FIDF has been trained by the Royal Navy to operate Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and to board vessels suspected of fishery poaching.^[11]

Royal Navy

HMS Dauntless, a Type 45 Guided Missile Destroyer.

RAF Mount Pleasant has its own port facility^[12] called Mare Harbour, and the Royal Navy maintains a presence in the area with a frigate or guided missile destroyer accompanied by an RFA vessel in the South Atlantic and a patrol ship, currently HMS Clyde, permanently close to the islands.^[13] In addition, an Ice Patrol Ship, HMS Protector, is on station close to Antarctica for six months of the year.^[14]

The warship and RFA vessel carry out the Atlantic Patrol Task (South) mission, which "provides a maritime presence to protect the UK's interests in the region". The Type 42 destroyer HMS Edinburgh took over the South Atlantic Patrol Task in October 2006,^[15] replacing HMS Southampton. Prior to Southampton's deployment in August 2005, the role was filled by HMS Cardiff, which was decommissioned on return to the UK. As of February 2010, the on-station warship was the Type 42 destroyer HMS York. In late April 2010, HMS York was relieved by the Type 23 frigate HMS Portland. In August 2010, HMS Portland was relieved by the Type 42 destroyer HMS Gloucester. On 21 April 2011, HMS York arrived at the East Cove Military Port in the Falkland Islands, beginning patrol duties for the islands.^[16] October 2011 saw the arrival of the Type 23 frigate HMS Montrose, generating a statement from UNASUR (Union of South American Nations). The Type 45 Guided Missile Destroyer HMS Dauntless replaced HMS Montrose as of April 2012.^[17] In early August 2013, HMS Richmond was deployed to be the ship for the Royal Navy's Atlantic Patrol.^[18] HMS Portland was again deployed in January 2014.

HMS Torbay, a Trafalgar -class nuclear submarine.

The Falkland Islands Patrol ship is a River class patrol vessel, which replaced the previous Castle class patrol vessel. In 2007, HMS Clyde relieved HMS Dumbarton Castle and HMS Leeds Castle. It is planned that she will stay permanently in the South Atlantic until 2018.

The Royal Navy also has Trafalgar and Astute class nuclear submarines that it can deploy to the area, though such deployments are classified. The threat from submarines to hostile ships was demonstrated during the Falklands War when HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano. The Royal Navy's submarines also carry BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles, which have a range of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) and can strike at targets within an enemy country. The Sun newspaper has speculated that a Swiftsure class attack submarine, HMS Sceptre, was sent to the islands in March 2010.^[19] In February 2012, a Trafalgar -class nuclear submarine may have been deployed to the Falkland Islands.^[20][21]

British Army

Rapier missile system.

The British Army maintains a garrison on the Falkland Islands based at Mount Pleasant. The total deployment is about 1,200 personnel made up of a roulement infantry company, an engineer squadron, a signals unit (part of the Joint Communications Unit – see below), a logistics group and supporting services.^[22][23][24]

The British Army contributes to the Joint Service Explosive Ordnance Disposal group (see below) in the Falkland Islands, providing 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD) and RLC EOD teams.^[25] This has been reduced to a team of 11 personnel.^[26]

Royal Air Force

Eurofighter Typhoon

Hercules C3

RAF Mount Pleasant was built in 1985 with the capability of accepting large trans-Atlantic aircraft such as the Lockheed TriStar. The TriStar was purchased mainly for the UK-Falklands route; until their entry into service, the UK used leased 747s and 767s.^[27]

Originally Lockheed Hercules C1K were used on air-to-air refueling missions, but these were later replaced by a VC10. On 31 August 2013 the VC10 was replaced by a TriStar K1 which was itself replaced by a Voyager KC2 in February 2014. When a fighter is launched, it is almost immediately followed by the tanker as changeable weather conditions might make diversion to another airfield necessary. The Voyager however will be unable to fit within a hangar at RAF Mount Pleasant.^[28]

Four Typhoon aircraft provide air defence for the islands and surrounding territories and have a secondary ground attack role.

The helicopters of No. 1564 Flight (formerly No. 78 Squadron) provided air transport missions. The Sea Kings carryed out short and medium range search and rescue missions. Given the retirement of the Sea King, AAR Corp was awarded a contract for helicopter search and rescue services in the Falkland Islands to replace 1564 Flight, they will use AgustaWestland AW189 helicopters in the role from 2016.^[29] In March 2015, the UK announced that a pair of Chinooks would be stationed in the Falklands again, the first of which started flying in June 2016.^[30][31] 1564 Flight disbanded in March 2016.^[32]

Organization

• No. 1435 Flight – 4 Eurofighter Typhoons
• No. 1312 Flight – 1 Voyager KC2,^[33] 1 Hercules C3

Joint Service

The Joint Communications Unit Falkland Islands (JCUFI) provides the electronic warfare and command and control systems for the Royal Navy, Army and RAF stationed there. It incorporates the Army's signals unit and RAF personnel.^[34]

Joint Service Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the Falkland Islands consists of 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD), RAF and RLC EOD teams. It is mainly based in Stanley, but there is also a detachment at Mount Pleasant. The groups operates the Joint Service Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations Centre. The group destroys munitions from the Falklands War that did not explode at the time and briefs troops, tourists and citizens on the areas that are safe and the minefield markings that have been put in place.^[25][35]

Augmentation forces

The UK maintains a Joint Rapid Reaction Force, which contains elements of all three services, that could be deployed to the islands in the event of receiving intelligence of a specific threat to the islands.

Commanders

The following have served as Commander British Forces Falkland Islands/South Atlantic Islands:

• General Sir Peter de la Billière (1984–85)^[36]
• Air Marshal Sir John Kemball (1986)^[37]
• Rear Admiral Christopher Layman
• Major General A. Neil Carlier
• Air Vice Marshal David Crwys-Williams (1988–89)^[38]
• Major General Malcolm Hunt RM
• Air Commodore Ray Dixon (1998–99)
• Brigadier David Nicholls (1999)^[39]
• Brigadier Geoff Sheldon (2000)^[40]
• Air Vice Marshal John Cliffe (2001)
• Vice Admiral Sir Richard Ibbotson (February 2002)^[41]
• Brigadier James Gordon (December 2002)
• Brigadier Anthony Wilson (2003)
• Air Vice Marshal Richard Lacey (2004)^[42]
• Rear Admiral Ian Moncrieff (2005)^[43][44]
• Brigadier Nick Davies (2007)^[45]
• Air Commodore Gordon Moulds (2008)
• Commodore Philip Thicknesse (2009)^[46]
• Brigadier William Aldridge (2011)^[47]
• Air Commodore Russell La Forte (2013)
• Commodore Darren Bone RN (2015)

Installations

See also

• RAF Mount Pleasant - base for British Army and RAF
• Mare Harbour - base for RN
• List of British Army installations

Sources

Overseas military installations of the British Armed Forces
Active	RAF Ascension Island HMS Juffair British Army Training and Support Unit Belize British Forces British Indian Ocean Territories British Forces Brunei British Forces Cyprus British Army Training Unit Suffield British Forces South Atlantic Islands British Forces Germany British Forces Gibraltar British Army Training Unit Kenya British Gurkhas Nepal Naval Party 1022 RAF Al Udeid British component, NATO Enhanced Forward Presence
Dissolved	British Forces Overseas Hong Kong British Forces Aden