Fort Lee Historic Park

Fort Lee Historic Park
Location	Fort Lee, New Jersey
Coordinates	40°51′01″N 73°57′47″W / 40.8503°N 73.963°W / 40.8503; -73.963Coordinates: 40°51′01″N 73°57′47″W / 40.8503°N 73.963°W / 40.8503; -73.963
Area	33 acres

Fort Lee Historic Park is located atop a bluff of the Hudson Palisades overlooking Burdett's Landing, known as Mount Constitution,^[1] in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Native Americans appear to have lived in the area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans.^[2] Site of George Washington's 1776 encampment opposite Fort Washington at the northern end of Manhattan.^[3] Fort Lee is named for General Charles Lee. The site is a reconstruction of the encampment including the blockhouse, battery, quarters as well as a visitors center. It is adjacent to Palisades Interstate Park.

Fort Lee (American Revolutionary War)

1777 map detail showing the chevaux-de-frise between Fort Lee and Fort Washington

Fort Lee, originally Fort Constitution, was an American Revolutionary War fort located on the crest of the Hudson Palisades in what was then Hackensack Township, New Jersey opposite Fort Washington at the northern end of Manhattan Island.

Construction

General George Washington issued orders to General Mercer to summon all available troops and erect a fort on the west side of the Hudson River. Construction commenced in July 1776 ^[4] on the new fort, to be called Fort Constitution.^[1] It was located on the western side of the road that led up the hill from the landing. Concurrently, Fort Washington was being built almost directly across the North River (Hudson River) in New York.^[5] Chevaux-de-frise, south of the Hudson River Chain, were laid between them.^[6]

Defense of the Hudson River

British warships trying to pass between Fort Lee and Fort Washington

These twin forts were intended to protect the lower Hudson from British warships. At first efforts were concentrated close to the water level near Burdett's Landing.^[5] Later, fortifications were added atop the bluff under the supervision of Joseph Philips, Battalion Commander of the New Jersey State Militia.^[1] The Bourdette's ferry service was taken over by the Army,^[7] and Peter Bourdette was forced to vacate his house; although as a patriot he considered it no sacrifice and offered the work of his slaves to General Mercer's construction efforts.^[5] At the end of September 1776, Fort Constitution was renamed Fort Lee, for General Charles Lee of the Continental Army.^[1] George Washington used the stone Bourdette house for his headquarters when he passed time at Fort Lee.^[1] At this stage of the war the ferry operated as a supply line and the only link between Forts Lee and Washington.^[5][8]

Battle of Fort Lee

Battle of Fort Lee Part of the American Revolutionary War Watercolor by Captain Thomas Davies depicting the British landing at the base of the Palisades. Date November 20, 1776 (1776-11-20) Location Fort Lee, New Jersey vicinity Result British victory Belligerents  United States  Great Britain Hesse-Kassel Commanders and leaders George Washington Nathanael Greene Charles Cornwallis Carl von Donop Strength 2,000 5,000 8 guns

Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776–1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip's Bay Harlem Heights Pell's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone

The Battle of Fort Lee on November 20, 1776 marked the successful invasion of New Jersey by British and Hessian forces and the subsequent general retreat of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.

Background

Peter Bourdette's sixteen-year-old son, also named Peter, provided assistance by direct use of the landing. During the week leading up to the evacuation of Fort Lee^[5] he rowed back and forth across the river gathering information for General Washington on the anticipated movements of the British forces.^[9] Well after dark on the night before the battle for New York at Fort Washington, George Washington was rowed from Burdett's Landing to the middle of the Hudson River for a strategy session with his senior officers in charge of New York, who rowed to meet him.^[7][10] On November 16, 1776 George Washington witnessed the battle for New York from across the river on the bluff of Fort Lee, above Burdett's Landing.^[11]

British invasion

Fort Lee was rendered defenseless after Continental Army troops holding Fort Washington were defeated and captured on November 16, 1776. The Royal Navy controlled the Hudson River. General William Howe ordered Charles Cornwallis to "clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement, and to do it quickly before the weather changed."^[12] The force included Hessian units commanded by Colonel Carl von Donop.^[13] The invasion of New Jersey began the night of November 19–20, when 5,000 British troops ferried across the Hudson on barges and began landing near New Dock Landing (present-day Alpine). George Washington and Nathanael Greene quickly ordered the evacuation of the fort on the morning of November 20, 1776.^[14]

American retreat

The soldiers then began a hasty retreat west, crossing the Hackensack River at New Bridge Landing and the Passaic River at Acquackanonk Bridge^{[15][16][17][18][19]} It was during Washington's retreat (beginning along a road which is now Main Street)^[20][21] that Thomas Paine composed his pamphlet, "The American Crisis", which began with the recognized phrase, "These are the times that try men's souls".^[22]

Fort Lee Museum and Monument Park

Fort Lee Museum is located in Monument Park. which was created by the Daughters of the American Revolution and dedicated in 1908 at ceremony attended by General John "Black Jack" Pershing. The park was part of the original Fort Constitution of the Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. Over 2,600 troops were stationed in and around the Monument Park area. In 2004, the park was reconstructed for the Fort Lee Centennial Celebration. A time capsule was placed at the foot of the monument, to be opened at the Bicentennial Celebration in the year 2104. Monument Park and Continental Army Plaza in Williamsburg, Brooklyn are the only parks in the United States dedicated to the soldiers of the American Revolution.^{[23] [24][25][26]}

See also

• New Jersey during the American Revolution
• Battle of Fort Washington
• Hudson River Chain
• New Bridge Landing
• Palisades Interstate Park

References

Bibliography

• Adams, Arthur G. (1996). The Hudson River Guidebook. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-1679-6. 
• Fischer, David Hackett (2004). "The Retreat. Cornwallis and the Conquest of New Jersey". Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2. 
• Hall, Edward Hagaman (1909). "Fort Lee, New Jersey. A Sketch of its Revolutionary History". Fourteenth Annual Report. New York: The American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. 
• Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (1998). The Long Retreat: The Calamitous American Defense of New Jersey, 1776. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-08135-2759-8. 
• Mack, Arthur C. (1909). "Historic Old Fort Lee". The Palisades of The Hudson. Edgewater, New Jersey: The Palisade Press. 
• Spring, John (2007). "The Invasion and the Myths Surrounding It". In Karels, Carol. The Revolutionary War in Bergen County. South Carolina: History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-358-8. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Fort Lee.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Lee Historic Park.

• "Battle of Fort Lee and Retreat Across the Jerseys". Crossroads of the American Revolution. 
• "Fort Lee Historic Park". Palisades Interstate Park Commission. 
• "Fort Lee Historic Park". The Palisades Park Conservancy. 
• "Fort Lee Historic Park". Historical Marker Database. 
• Route Description

New Jersey in the American Revolution
1776	Turtle Gut Inlet Fort Lee Geary ambush Iron Works Hill George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River First Trenton
1777	Second Trenton Princeton Millstone Forage War Bound Brook Short Hills Red Bank Gloucester Middlebrook encampment
1778	Quinton's Bridge Monmouth Molly Pitcher Baylor Massacre The Affair at Little Egg Harbor Chestnut Neck
1779	Paulus Hook
1780	Connecticut Farms Springfield Bull's Ferry
1781	Pennsylvania Line Mutiny
1783	U.S. Capital at Princeton