Basic income

This article is about a system of unconditional income to every citizen. For more specific proposals financed on the returns on publicly owned enterprises, see social dividend. For social welfare based on means tests, see Guaranteed minimum income.
Not to be confused with minimum wage or living wage.
On 4 October 2013 Swiss activists from Generation Grundeinkommen organized a performance in Bern where 8 million coins were dumped on a public square, as a celebration of the successful collection of more than 125,000 signatures, which forced the government to hold a referendum on whether or not to incorporate the concept of basic income in the Federal constitution, a referendum resulting in 76.9% of the votes voting against basic income.[1]

A basic income (also called unconditional basic income, Citizen's Income, basic income guarantee, universal basic income or universal demogrant[2]) is a form of social security[3] in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money, either from a government or some other public institution, in addition to any income received from elsewhere.

An unconditional income transfer of less than the poverty line is sometimes referred to as a partial basic income.

Basic income systems that are financed by the profits of publicly owned enterprises (often called social dividend or citizen's dividend) are major components in many proposed models of market socialism.[4] Basic income schemes have also been promoted within the context of capitalist systems, where they would be financed through various forms of taxation.[5]

Similar proposals for "capital grants provided at the age of majority" date to Thomas Paine's Agrarian Justice of 1795, there paired with asset-based egalitarianism. The phrase "social dividend" was commonly used as a synonym for basic income in the English-speaking world before 1986, after which the phrase "basic income" gained widespread currency.[6] Prominent advocates of the concept include Philippe Van Parijs, Ailsa McKay,[7] André Gorz, Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, and Guy Standing.

Policy aspects

Transparency

Basic income, it is argued, is a much more transparent and simple welfare system than the one existing in the welfare states around the world today. Instead of numerous welfare programs it would be one universal unconditional income.

Administrative efficiency

The lack of means test or similar administration would allow for some saving on social welfare which could be put towards the grant. The Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN) describes one of the benefits of a basic income as having a lower overall cost than that of the current means-tested social welfare benefits,[8] and they have put forth proposals for implementation they claim to be financially viable.[9]

Poverty Reduction

Basic income is often argued for because of its potential to reduce poverty, and even eradicate poverty.

Basic income and growth

Basic income and growth (or BIG) allows for potential economic growth: people may decide to invest in themselves to earn higher degrees and get interesting and well-paid jobs that, in turn, could trigger growth.[10][11] There is also a discussion about whether basic income could be a part of a degrowth-agenda.

Freedom

Philippe van Parijs has argued that basic income at the highest possible level which is sustainable long term is a necessity if the political goal is real freedom for all. That means that basic income is supposed to give the economic freedom to the people which, combined with the political freedom, freedom of speech, and religion, will mean real freedom to each individual. Under this argument, without economic freedom, personal, political and religious freedom are worth little. People can consider themselves free only if they are not forced to spend all times thinking only about how to provide basic necessities to themselves and their families.[11]

How will people behave? (Will they work less?)

There is also a belief among critics that if people have free and unconditional money they will not work (as much) and get lazy.[12][13][14] Less work means less tax revenue and hence less money for the state and cities to fund public projects. There are also concerns that some people will spend their basic income on alcohol and drugs.[11][15]

If there is a disincentive to employment because of basic income, it is however expected that the magnitude of such a disincentive would depend on how generous the basic income were to be. Some campaigners in Switzerland have suggested a level that would only just be liveable, arguing that people would want to supplement it.[16]

Tim Worstall, a writer and blogger, has argued that traditional welfare schemes create a disincentive to work, because such schemes typically cause people to lose benefits at around the same rate that their income rises (a form of welfare trap where the marginal tax rate is 100 percent). He has asserted that this particular disincentive is not a property shared by basic income as the rate of increase is positive at all incomes.[17]

In one study, even when the benefits are not permanent, the hours worked—by the recipients of the benefit—are observed to decline by 5 percent, a decrease of two hours in a typical 40-hour work week:

While experiments have been conducted in the United States and Canada, those participating knew that their benefits were not permanent and, consequently, they were not likely to change their behaviour as much or in the same manner had the GAI been ongoing. As a result, total hours worked fell by about five percent on average. The work reduction was largest for second earners in two-earner households and weakest for the main earner. Further, the negative work effect was higher the more generous the benefit level.[13]

However, in studies of the Mincome experiment in rural Dauphin, Manitoba, in the 1970s, the only two groups who worked significantly less were new mothers and teenagers working to support their families. New mothers spent this time with their infant children, and working teenagers put significant additional time into their schooling.[18] Under Mincome, "the reduction of work effort was modest: about one per cent for men, three per cent for wives, and five per cent for unmarried women."[19]

Another study that contradicted such decline in work incentive was a pilot project implemented in 2008 and 2009 in the Namibian village of Omitara; the assessment of the project after its conclusion found that economic activity actually increased, particularly through the launch of small businesses, and reinforcement of the local market by increasing households' buying power.[20] However the residents of Omitara were described as suffering "dehumanising levels of poverty" before the introduction of the pilot,[21] and as such the project's relevance to potential implementations in developed economies is not known.

Affordability

The affordability of a basic income proposal relies on many factors such as the costs of any public services it replaces, tax increases required, and less tangible auxiliary effects on government revenue and/or spending (for example a successful basic income scheme may reduce crime, thereby reducing required expenditure on policing and justice.)

A 2012 affordability study done in the Republic of Ireland by Social Justice Ireland found that basic income would be affordable with a 45 percent income tax rate. This would lead to an improvement in income for the majority of the population.[22]

Paul Mason stated that universal basic income would increase social security costs, but that it would also reduce the high medical costs associated with diseases of poverty, by reducing stress, diseases like high blood pressure, type II diabetes etc. would become less common.[23]

Pilot programs

Main article: Basic income pilots

The Permanent Fund of Alaska is well established and is perhaps to be seen as a permanent system, rather than a basic income pilot. The same could perhaps be said about Bolsa Família also. Leaving those two big systems apart, these are some of the most well known basic income pilots up to date.

Basic income and ideology

Basic income as a means to achieve human right(s)

Basic income can be considered as a human right that helps make sure that every citizen of a country has their basic human needs met. Human rights, according to the widely accepted Declaration of the Human Rights, are: Right to life, Right to food, Right to water, Right to clothing, Right to housing, Right to education, Right to an adequate standard of living, Right to health, Right to social security, Right to legal aid, Welfare rights, Right to science and culture.

Left-wing views

Socialist and left-wing economists and sociologists have advocated a form of basic income as a means for distributing the economic profits of publicly owned enterprises to benefit the entire population (also referred to as a social dividend), where the basic income payment represents the return to each citizen on the capital owned by society. These systems would be directly financed out of returns on publicly owned assets and are featured as major components of many models of market socialism.[4] Erik Olin Wright, for example, characterizes basic income as a project for reforming capitalism into a socialist system by empowering labor in relation to capital, granting labor greater bargaining power with employers in labor markets, which can gradually de-commodify labor by decoupling work from income. This would allow for an expansion in scope of the "social economy", by granting citizens greater means to pursue activities (such as the pursuit of the arts) that do not yield strong financial returns.[28] Other theorists leaning towards different kinds of socialism who have advocated basic income include James Meade, Bertrand Russell, Frances Fox Piven and Harry Shutt. Meade states that a return to full employment can only be achieved if, among other things, workers offer their services at a low enough price that the required wage for unskilled labor would be too low to generate a socially desirable distribution of income. He therefore concludes that a citizen's income is necessary to achieve full employment without suffering stagnant or negative growth in wages.[29] James Meade advocated for a social dividend scheme to be funded by publicly owned productive assets.[30] Russell argued for a basic income alongside public ownership as a means to decrease the average length of the working day and to achieve full employment.[31] Fox Piven holds the view that an income guarantee would benefit all workers by liberating them from the anxiety that results from the "tyranny of wage slavery" and provide opportunities for people to pursue different occupations and develop untapped potentials for creativity.[32] Gorz saw basic income as a necessary adaptation to the increasing automation of work, but also a way to overcome the alienation in work and life and to increase the amount of leisure time available to each individual.[33] Harry Shutt proposed basic income along with reforms to make all or most of the enterprises collective in nature, rather than private. Together, he argued, these measures would constitute the make-up of a post-capitalist economic system.[34]

Georgist views

Geolibertarians seek to synthesize propertarian libertarianism and a geoist (or Georgist) philosophy of land as unowned commons or equally owned by all people, citing the classical economic distinction between unimproved land and private property. The rental value of land is produced by the labors of the community and, as such, rightly belongs to the community at large and not solely to the landholder. A land value tax (LVT) is levied as an annual fee for exclusive access to a section of earth, which is collected and redistributed to the community either through public goods, such as public security or a court system, or in the form of a basic guaranteed income called a citizen's dividend. Geolibertarians view the LVT as a single tax to replace all other methods of taxation, which are deemed unjust violations of the non-aggression principle.

Right-wing views

Support for basic income has been expressed by several people associated with right-wing political views. While adherents of such views generally favor minimization or abolition of the public provision of welfare services, some have cited basic income as a viable strategy to reduce the amount of bureaucratic administration that is prevalent in many contemporary welfare systems. Others have contended that it could also act as a form of compensation for fiat currency inflation.[35][36][37]

Feminist views

Feminists' views on the basic income can be loosely divided into two opposing views: one view which supports basic income, seeing it as a way of guaranteeing a minimum financial independence for women, and recognizing women's unpaid work in the home; and another view which opposes basic income, seeing it as having the potential to discourage women from participating in the workforce, and to reinforce traditional gender roles of women belonging in the private area and men in the public area.[38][39]

Technological unemployment

Concerns about automation and other causes of technological unemployment have caused many in the high-tech industry to turn to basic income proposals as a necessary implication of their business models. Journalist Nathan Schneider first highlighted the turn of the "tech elite" to these ideas with an article in Vice magazine, which cited figures such as Marc Andreessen, Sam Altman, Peter Diamandis, and others.[40] The White House, in a report to Congress, has put the probability at 83% that a worker making less than $20 an hour in 2010 will eventually lose their job to a machine. Even workers making as much as $40 an hour face odds of 31 percent.[41]

Financial resources

Private sector and big technology, pharmaceutical, textile and chemical corporations received their technologies from innovation created by states with public money. Raising taxes on big companies that use technology, discoveries, and resources that came from the public sector will contribute to create equality and a better redistribution of money in every country.[42]

Criticism

A commission of the German parliament discussed basic income in 2013 and concluded that it is "unrealizable" because:[43][44]

Some economists have expressed concern about the basic income. Daron Acemoğlu, who has expressed uncertainty about his views on basic income has stated "Current US status quo is horrible. A more efficient and generous social safety net is needed. But UBI is expensive and not generous enough."[45] Eric Maskin has stated that "a minimum income makes sense, but not at the cost of eliminating Social Security and Medicare."[46] The Economist notes that raising the income floor would have no impact on the wealth gap. While cash transfers would make the most difference to those on the bottom of the pile, they posit it would be instead of existing welfare benefits.[47]

Worldwide

Generally the discussion on basic income developed in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, partly inspired by the debate in United States and Canada somewhat earlier, and has since then broadened to most of the developed world, to Latin America, Middle East, and to at least some countries in Africa and Asia. The Alaska Permanent Fund is regarded as one of the best examples of an existing basic income, even though it's only a partial basic income. Other examples of existing basic income, or similar welfare programs, include the partial basic income in Macao and the basic income in Iran. Basic income pilots, such as Mincome, have been conducted in United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s, Namibia (from 2008) and in India (from 2011). In Europe there are political decisions in France, Netherlands and Finland to start up some basic income pilots. Voters in Switzerland strongly defeated a referendum on the topic in 2016 with 77 percent voting against the proposal.[48]

In 2016, a poll showed that 58 percent of the European people are aware about basic income and 65 percent would vote in favor of the idea.[49]

Advocates

Guy Standing, UK.
Hugh Segal, Canada
Susanne Wiest, Germany

Europe

European advocates of basic income system are for example Philippe Van Parijs,[50] Ailsa McKay (until 2004),[51] Götz Werner, Saar Boerlage,[52] André Gorz,[53] Antonio Negri,[54] Osmo Soininvaara,[55] Guy Standing.[56][57]

Some individuals who support introduction of basic income in Germany include activist Susanne Wiest, Green politician Sabine Niels, CDU politician Dieter Althaus, businessman Götz Werner, CDU politician Thoma Dörflinger,[58] leader of the Left Party Katja Kipping.

In 2015 the London-based RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce) launched its own proposal for Basic Income entitled "Creative Citizens, Creative State"[59] which advocated replacing a swathe of UK means-tested benefits with a single universal payment as a response to the changing landscape of work and an ageing population.

In 2016, former Greek Minister of Finance Yanis Varoufakis declared the basic income approach was "absolutely essential."[60]

Other advocates include World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee,[61] Nobel Prize economists Christopher Pissarides[62] and Angus Deaton,[63] Finnish billionaire Björn Wahlroos,[64] Deutsch Telekom CEO Tim Höttges,[65] dm-drogerie markt founder Götz Werner,[66] UK member of parliament Jonathan Reynolds,[67] and President of the European Economic and Social Committee Georges Dassis.[68]

North America

Advocates of basic income in the United States approach the issue from a wide variety of ideological and career backgrounds, and include conservative writer Charles Murray,[69] former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich,[70] Marxist sociology professor Erik Olin Wright,[71] venture capitalists Albert Wenger,[72] Tim Draper,[73] and Roy Bahat,[74] Y Combinator president Sam Altman,[75] LGBT activist Dan Savage,[76] artificial intelligence expert Jeremy Howard,[77] HowStuffWorks founder Marshall Brain,[78] computer science professor Moshe Vardi,[79] Niskanen Center CEO Jerry Taylor,[80] financial manager Bill Gross,[81] Zipcar cofounder Robin Chase,[82] Singularity University CEO Rob Nail,[83] Cato Institute senior fellow Michael Tanner,[84] entrepreneur and environmentalist Peter Barnes,[85] and former Service Employees International Union president Andy Stern.[86] Historical advocates in the United States include founding father Thomas Paine,[87] civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.,[88] and Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman.[89]

Canadian advocates include politician Hugh Segal, Minister for Families, Children and Social Development Jean-Yves Duclos,[90] journalist and historian Gwynne Dyer,[91] and Hootsuite CEO Ryan Holmes.[92]

South America

Advocates of basic income from South America include Eduardo Suplicy.[93]

India

Indian Member of Parliament Varun Gandhi has written in support of basic income.[94]

Africa

African advocates of basic income include, Dr. Godwin Ojo (Friends of the Earth, Nigeria)[95] and Archbishop Desmond Tutu. [96]

Oceania

Advocates from New Zealand include economist Gareth Morgan[97] and Labour Party leader Andrew Little.[98]

Political initiatives

In 1976, the Alaska Permanent Fund was created, a constitutionally established permanent fund managed by a state-owned corporation, the Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation. The Fund pays a partial basic income to all its residents.[99]

In 2008 an official petition for basic income was started in Germany by Susanne Wiest.[100] The petition was accepted and Susanne Wiest was invited for a hearing at the German parliament's Commission of Petitions. After the hearing, the petition was closed as "unrealizable".[43]

In 2015, a citizen's initiative in Spain received 185,000 signatures, short of the required amount for the proposal to be discussed in parliament.[101]

The world's first universal basic income referendum in Switzerland on 5 June 2016 was rejected with a 76.9 percent majority.[1][102]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Vorlage Nr. 601 – Vorläufige amtliche Endergebnisse". admin.ch. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "Improving Social Security in Canada Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper". Government of Canada. 1994. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  3. ↑ "History of Basic Income". Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN). Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.
  4. 1 2 Marangos, John (2003). "Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism". International Journal of Political Economy. 34 (3). JSTOR 40470892.
  5. ↑ Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism. 102. Ethics. pp. 485–511. JSTOR 2381836.
  6. ↑ van Trier, Walter (1 April 1989). "Who framed social dividend? A tale of the unexpected". University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Economics. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  7. ↑ McKay, Ailsa (2001). "Rethinking Work and Income Maintenance Policy: Promoting Gender Equality Through a Citizens' Basic Income". Feminist Economics. 7 (1): 97–118. doi:10.1080/13545700010022721.
  8. ↑ "BIEN: frequently asked questions". Basic Income Earth Network. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  9. ↑ "Research". Basic Income Earth Network. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  10. ↑ Tanner, Michael. "The Pros and Cons of a Guaranteed National Income." Policy Analysis. CATO institute, 12 May 2015, Web. 2 March 7, 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 Sheahen, Allan. Basic Income Guarantee: Your Right to Economic Security. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Book. 29 March 2016.
  12. ↑ "urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7385: Just Distribution : Rawlsian Liberalism and the Politics of Basic Income". Diva-portal.org. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  13. 1 2 Gilles Séguin. "Improving Social Security in Canada – Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper, Government of Canada, 1994". Canadiansocialresearch.net. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  14. ↑ The Need for Basic Income: An Interview with Philippe Van Parijs, Imprints, Vol. 1, No. 3 (March 1997). The interview was conducted by Christopher Bertram.
  15. ↑ Koga, Kenya. "Pennies From Heaven." Economist 409.8859 (2013): 67-68. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 April 2016.
  16. ↑ Wolf Chiappella. "Tim Harford — Article — A universal income is not such a silly idea". Tim Harford. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  17. ↑ Worstall, Tim (12 July 2013). "Forbes article". Forbes.
  18. ↑ Belik, Vivian (5 September 2011). "A Town Without Poverty? Canada's only experiment in guaranteed income finally gets reckoning". Dominionpaper.ca. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  19. ↑ A guaranteed annual income: From Mincome to the millennium (PDF) Derek Hum and Wayne Simpson
  20. ↑ "Basic Income Grant Coalition: Pilot Project". BIG Coalition Namibia. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  21. ↑ "Otjivero residents to get bridging allowance as BIG pilot ends". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  22. ↑ "Basic Income – Why and how in difficult economic times : Financing a BI in Ireland" (PDF). Social Justice Ireland. 14 September 2012.
  23. ↑ Talks at Google (3 March 2016). "Paul Mason: "PostCapitalism" - Talks at Google". Retrieved 28 July 2016 – via YouTube.
  24. ↑ "BRAZIL: Basic Income in Quatinga Velho celebrates 3-years of operation | BIEN". Basicincome.org. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  25. ↑ "Research at GiveDirectly". Givedirectly.org. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  26. ↑ Ferdman, Roberto A. (8 October 2015). "The remarkable thing that happens to poor kids when you give their parents a little money". The Washington Post. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  27. ↑ http://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/innovation-series-feature-on-the-gig-economy
  28. ↑ Wright, Erik Olin. "Basic Income as a Socialist Project," paper presented at the annual US-BIG Congress, 4–6 March 2005 (University of Wisconsin, March 2005).
  29. ↑ Meade, James Edward. Full Employment Regained?, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-55697-X
  30. ↑ "Basic Income". Media Hell. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  31. ↑ Russell, Bertrand. Roads to Freedom. Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism, London: Unwin Books (1918), pp. 80-81 and 127
  32. ↑ Frances Goldin, Debby Smith, Michael Smith (2014). Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-230557-3 p. 132.
  33. ↑ André Gorz, Pour un revenu inconditionnel suffisant, published in Transversales/Science-Culture (n° 3, 3e trimestre 2002) (French)
  34. ↑ Shutt, Harry (15 March 2010). Beyond the Profits System: Possibilities for the Post-Capitalist Era. Zed Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-84813-417-1. a flat rate payment as of right to all resident citizens over the school leaving age, irrespective of means of employment status...it would in principle replace all existing social-security entitlements with the exception of child benefits.
  35. ↑ Dolan, Ed (27 January 2014). "A Universal Basic Income: Conservative, Progressive, and Libertarian Perspectives". EconoMonitor. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  36. ↑ Weisenthal, Joe (13 May 2013). "There's A Way To Give Everyone In America An Income That Conservatives And Liberals Can Both Love". Business Insider. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  37. ↑ Gordon, Noah (6 August 2014). "The Conservative Case for a Guaranteed Basic Income". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  38. ↑ http://www.basicincome.org/bien/pdf/munich2012/katada.pdf
  39. ↑ https://www.gcu.ac.uk/wise/media/gcalwebv2/theuniversity/centresprojects/wise/90324WiSE_BriefingSheet.pdf
  40. ↑ Schneider, Nathan (6 January 2015). "Why the Tech Elite Is Getting Behind Universal Basic Income". Vice.
  41. ↑ https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/ERP_2016_Book_Complete%20JA.pdf whitehouse
  42. ↑ http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/new_scientist/2013/09/entrepreneurs_or_the_state_innovation_comes_from_public_investment.html
  43. 1 2 "Deutscher Bundestag – Problematische Auswirkungen auf Arbeitsanreize" (in German). Bundestag.de. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  44. ↑ Petitionen: Verwendung von Cookies nicht aktiviert
  45. ↑ "Majority of Economists Surveyed Are against the Universal Basic Income". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  46. ↑ "Poll Results | IGM Forum". www.igmchicago.org. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  47. ↑ "The cheque is in the mail". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  48. ↑ Kottasova, Ivana (5 June 2016). "U.S. + Business Markets Tech Media Personal Finance Small Biz Luxury Log In stock tickers Switzerland rejects plan to pay every citizen at least $2,500 a month". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  49. ↑ "EU Survey: 64% of Europeans in Favour of Basic Income". Basicincome.org. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  50. ↑ Van Parijs, Philippe (ed.). "Arguing for Basic Income: Ethical Foundations for a Radical Reform", London: Verso, 1992
  51. ↑ Ailsa McKay, "Why a citizens' basic income? A question of gender equality or gender bias", Work Employment & Society, June 2007, vol. 21 no. 2, pp. 337–348
  52. ↑ Interview met VBi ere-voorzitter Saar Boerlage 2007', interview, Vereniging Basisinkomen: Nieuwsbrief Basisinkomen 48, 2007
  53. ↑ "Critique of Economic Reason", André Gorz, in: Peter Waterman, Ronaldo Munck, "Labour Worldwide in the Era of Globalisation: Alternative Union Models in the New World Order", Macmillan, London, 1999
  54. ↑ "Empire" (PDF). Michael Hardt – Italian Marxist sociologist Antonio Negri, "Empire", Harvard University Press, 2000
  55. ↑ Osmo Soininvaara, "Hyvinvointivaltion eloonjäämisoppi" (A survival doctrine for the welfare state), Juva, WSOY, 1994, 298 p, ISBN 951-0-20100-6
  56. ↑ Guy Standing and Michael Samson (eds.), "A Basic Income Grant for South Africa", University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, 2003
  57. ↑ Standing, Guy (ed.). "Promoting Income Security as a Right: Europe and North America", Anthem Press, London, 2005
  58. ↑ A Basic Income for Rural Areas?
  59. ↑ "Creative Citizens, Creative State". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  60. ↑ "Transcript: Interview with Yanis Varoufakis". The Economist. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  61. ↑ "Here's why the inventor of the Internet supports basic income".
  62. ↑ "Basic Income at the World Economic Forum of Davos".
  63. ↑ "A Nobel Prize winner in economics just backed basic income".
  64. ↑ "Is Finland ready for a basic income?".
  65. ↑ "Der Unterschied zwischen Mensch und Computer wird in Kürze aufgehoben sein".
  66. ↑ "Götz Werner - 1000 Euro für Jeden (Freiheit Gleichheit Grundeinkommen)".
  67. ↑ "How I learnt to stop worrying and love Basic Income".
  68. ↑ "A Europe of progress close to its people".
  69. ↑ "Book review: In our hands: A plan to replace the welfare state by Charles Murray" (PDF). Conallboyle.com. February 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  70. ↑ "How the New Flexible Economy is Making Workers' Lives Hell".
  71. ↑ "Basic Income as a Socialist Project" (PDF).
  72. ↑ "A Basic Income Experiment I Would Like to See (Detroit)".
  73. ↑ Carson, Biz. "The billionaire who wanted to split California into 6 states now has a crazy plan to give everyone $15,000".
  74. ↑ "To support innovation, subsidize creators.".
  75. ↑ Altman, Sam. "Technology and wealth inequality".
  76. ↑ "Joe Rogan and Dan Savage discuss a guaranteed minimum income".
  77. ↑ "AI expert says that robots will force us to give everyone free money".
  78. ↑ "Basic Income: Why and How Should We Build a Basic Income for Every Citizen?".
  79. ↑ "Basic income may be needed to combat robot-induced unemployment, leading AI expert says".
  80. ↑ "Do Libertarians Want Freedom or Not?".
  81. ↑ "Comrade Bill Gross Says the Federal Reserve Should Pay Your Rent".
  82. ↑ "Startup CEO Loves Tech but Fears Millions Will Be Jobless".
  83. ↑ "Robots are coming for our jobs, but one radical change could make that OK".
  84. ↑ "The Pros and Cons of a Guaranteed National Income".
  85. ↑ "Can Basic Income Come to America?".
  86. ↑ "A universal basic income is an old idea with modern appeal".
  87. ↑ "Two arguments for Basic Income: Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Spence (1750-1814)".
  88. ↑ "Martin Luther King's Economic Dream: A Guaranteed Income for All Americans".
  89. ↑ "The Conservative Case for a Guaranteed Basic Income".
  90. ↑ "Canada Child Benefit is basic-income guarantee, says families minister Jean-Yves Duclos".
  91. ↑ "Universal Basic Income".
  92. ↑ "How To Plan Now For Tomorrow's Robotic Workforce".
  93. ↑ "Citizen's Basic Income: The Answer is Blowing in Wind" DOC, Eduardo Matarazzo Suplicy, USBIG 5th Congress, 2006
  94. ↑ "Why we need to talk about a basic income".
  95. ↑ "Nigeria: Group Advocates National Basic Income Scheme for the Unemployed". All Africa. June 7, 2015. Retrieved November 22 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  96. ↑ "Archbishop Tutu on Basic Income".
  97. ↑ "Turning tax and welfare in New Zealand on its head". Big Kahuna. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  98. ↑ "New Zealand is debating a plan to give people free money, no strings attached".
  99. ↑ "Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation". Apfc.org. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  100. ↑ "Bundestag will Petition zum bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen ohne Diskussion abschließen › Piratenpartei Deutschland". Piratenpartei.de. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  101. ↑ "Spanish Popular initiative for basic income collects 185.000 signatures". Basicincome.org. 10 October 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  102. ↑ Ben Schiller 02.05.16 7:00 AM (5 February 2016). "Switzerland Will Hold The World's First Universal Basic Income Referendum | Co.Exist | ideas + impact". Fastcoexist.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.

Further reading

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Basic income
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basic income guarantee.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/29/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.