Arm folding

Phenotype L of arm folding

The manner in which a person folds arms is one of the clearest dynamic morphological characteristics by which each person can be assigned to one of two alternative phenotypes. Interestingly, once adopted manner of arms folding across the chest does not change throughout the lifetime and persons easily give up the unusual folding position, most commonly at the first attempt. It has been shown that the phenotypes of these properties are distributed independently with left-handed and right-handed people.

If, after arms folding, the right arm is above the left forearm, the phenotype is characterised as R (right; the right type), and in the opposite case, i.e. if the left arm is positioned above the right, it is the phenotype L (left; left-type).[1][2][3][4]

Factors and history

Falk and Ayala (1971) in their research found that these variants are largely inherited, although their genetic make up cannot be attributed the existing Mendelian models. [1] In this regard, Ferronato et al. (1974) found no significant correlation between parents and children. Individual type of arms folding is slightly less studied than the manner of clasping hands. In search of the main factors that determine this dimorphism, the same difficulties emerge as with clasping hands. However, utilising the findings and the views of many authors,[5][6][7][8][9][10] it can be concluded that the manner of arms folding is hereditary and that it inherits the model that does not fit into the genetics concept of simple Mendelian characters, although in this respect there are contradictory findings. The main conclusion is that the manifestation of alternative phenotypes with these characteristics is irrespective of sex and age, and that it is not related to handedness.

Supporting of the assumptions that genetic factors play an important role in forming these properties, are reinforced by the data of a very heterogeneous frequencies of alternative phenotypes (R and L) in the explored portion of the world's population.

Phenotype R distribution

The data in the following table summarize R distributions in various areas as concluded by the cited studies.

Area N R (%) Reference
Belgium 626 43.6 Leguebe (1967)[11]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10,073 46.5 Hadžiselimović et al. (1979)[12]
Germany 304 50.0 Ludwig (1932)[13]
Greece ? 45.4 Pelecanos (1969)[14]
Poland 771 35.3 Wolanski et al. (1973)[15]
Serbia: Užice 2,217 40.2 Hadžiselimović et al. (1979)[16]
Serbia: Voivodina 2,686 45.6 Gavrilović, Božić (1972)[17]
Spain 486 41.3 Pons (1961)[18]
Sweden 981 46.6 Beckman, Elston (1962)[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Falk C. T., Ayala F. J. (1971): Genetic aspects of arm folding and hand clasping. Jpn. J. Hum. Genet., 15: 241-247. [PubMed: 4461659, related citations].
  2. ↑ Ferronato S., Thomas D., Sadava D. (1974): Preferences for handedness, arm folding, and hand clasping in families. Hum. Hered. 24: 345-351, 1974.
  3. ↑ OMIM, Victor A. McKusick : 6/4/1986.
  4. ↑ Hadžiselimović R. et al.(1979): Distribucija fenotipova načina sklapanja šaka i prekrštanja ruku u stanovništvu Bosne i Hercegovine. God.Biol. inst. Univ. u Sarajevu, 32: 101-116.
  5. ↑ Wiener A. S. (1932): Observation on the manner of clasping the hands and folding the arms. Am Nat., 66: 365-370.
  6. ↑ Quelce-Saldago A., Freire-Maia A., Freire-Maia N. (1961): Arm folding: A genetic trait? Jap J. Hum Genet., 6: 21-25.
  7. ↑ Pons J. (1963): A contribution to the genetics of hand clasping and arm folding. Proc. Second Intern. Congr. Hum. Genet. (Roma), 1: 442-446.
  8. ↑ Kawabe M. (1949): A study of the mode of clasping of the hands.Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc., 18: 49-52.
  9. ↑ Freire-Maia A., De Almeida J. (1966): Hand clasping and arm folding among African Negroes. Jum. Biol., 38 (3): 175-179.
  10. ↑ Leguebe A., Martines-Fuentes A. (1968): Analyse génétique de deux caractères anthropologiques (Hand clasping and Arm folding). Tudi VII Meždunarodnogo kongresa antropologičeskih i etnografičeskih nauk, 1: 360-368.
  11. ↑ Leguebe (1967): Hand clasping: étude anthropologique et génétique. Bull. Soc. Roy. Antrop. Préhist., 78: 81-107.
  12. ↑ Hadžiselimović R., Berberović Lj., Sofradžija A. (1979): Distribucija fenotipova načina sklapanja šaka i prekrštanja ruku u stanovništvu Bosne i Hercegovine. God.Biol. inst. Univ. u Sarajevu, 32: 101-116.
  13. ↑ Ludwig W. (1932): Das Rechts – Links Problem im Tierreich und bei Menschen. J Springer Verlag.
  14. ↑ Pelecanos 1969, in: Pyżuk M. (1976): Hand clasping , and arm- and leg-folding in Polish rural population. Acta F. R. N. Univ Come., Anthropologia, 23: 219-223.
  15. ↑ Wolanski et al 1973, in: Pyżuk M. (1976): Hand clasping , and arm- and leg-folding in Polish rural population. Acta F. R. N. Univ Come., Anthropologia, 23: 219-223.
  16. ↑ Hadžiselimović R., Berberović Lj., Sofradžija A. (1979): Distribucija fenotipova načina sklapanja šaka i prekrštanja ruku u stanovništvu Bosne i Hercegovine. God.Biol. inst. Univ. u Sarajevu, 32: 101-116.
  17. ↑ Gavrilović Ž., Božić V. (1972): Proučavanje načina sklapanja šaka i pekrštanja ruku kod stanovništva u Vojvodini. Genetika, 4 (1): 59-61.
  18. ↑ Pons J. (1963): A contribution to the genetics of hand clasping and arm folding. Proc. Second Intern. Congr. Hum. Genet. (Roma), 1: 442-446.
  19. ↑ Beckman L. Elston R. (1962): Data on bilateral variations in man: handedness, hand clasping and arm folding in Swedes. Hum. Biol., 34: 99-103.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arm folding.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/26/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.