Anti-Vietnamese sentiment

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Anti-Vietnamese sentiment involves hostility or hatred that is directed towards Vietnamese people, or the state of Vietnam.

Incidents by country

Cambodia

Anti-Vietnamese sentiment dates back in Cambodia since the Khmer Empire, as Cambodia was constantly invaded by the Vietnamese Nguyễn lords. The Khmer inhabited Mekong Delta started to become inundated with Vietnamese and in response the Vietnamese were subjected to Cambodian retaliation.^[1] After the Vietnamese successfully conquer Champa as part of the Vietnamese territory, the Vietnamese then moved to conquer Khmer in Mekong Delta. Following the beginning of French Cochinchina with the arrival of European troops and missionary, the Cambodians told Catholic European envoys that the Vietnamese persecution against Catholics justified retaliatory attacks launched against the Vietnamese colonists on Cambodian.^[1]

In 1978, under the administration of Democratic Kampuchea, especially when Cambodian socialists began to rebelling in the eastern zone of Cambodia, Pol Pot order his armies to exterminate 1.5 million eastern Cambodians which branded as "Cambodian with Vietnamese minds" along with the 50 million Vietnamese in the area.^[2] This led to a war with the Vietnamese when the Vietnamese began to retaliate over the inhumane genocide and subsequently overthrow the Khmer Rouge from power.^[3] The King of Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk at the time also plead to United States President Lyndon B. Johnson for American forces to liberate Cambodia from the Viet Cong but to no avail.^[4]

Until the modern times, anti-Vietnamese sentiment continue to flare in Cambodia due to fear from Cambodians for what they believed that Vietnam will take over their land one day with some Cambodian opposition politicians continue to playing up the issue to justify their hatred against the Vietnamese.^[5] This was proved with the attacks against Vietnamese that resulted in the rape and murder of several Vietnamese in the country as anti-Vietnamese anger have been too difficult to counter in Cambodia especially when activist against racism from the Cambodian ethnicity itself been given a death threat if they tried to interrupt on the issues.^[5]

On 16 February 2014, an ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia, Tran Van Chien was beaten to death by Cambodian mobs after a minor accident with the Cambodians.^[5] On March 2015, an 8-year-old Vietnamese girl named Ngo Ngoc Phut was kidnapped and killed in Vietnam before her body been thrown into the side of Cambodian border near a casino as her mother who work in the Cambodian casino could not come up with a US$300 ransom.^[6] On 3 December, an ethnic Vietnamese fisherman was hacked to death by a pair of Cambodian assailants armed with a machete and a pistol, though the suspects did not steal any property on the victim.^[7] On 29 March 2016, a 15-year-old Vietnamese girl in Phnom Penh who selling flower in the capital was abducted, raped and murdered by a Cambodian man who just finish a drinking session.^[8]

China

As Mainland China have dominate Vietnam for a very indefinite of time, there have been a long unease sentiment towards China among Vietnamese community with more anti-Chinese sentiment is evident than anti-Vietnamese sentiment in China.^[9] Many Vietnamese girls who living in northern Vietnam have been trafficked to China and sold into marriage for Chinese men.^[10] Recent tensions in the South China Sea have caused more hatred towards Chinese among the Vietnamese community. As a retaliation, a Chinese restaurant in Beijing refused to served foods to Vietnamese, Filipino and Japanese customers, of which all three are among China loud opponents in the territorial disputes.^[11][12]

Russia

Hatred towards foreigners especially to non-white people began to rise in Russia as they were blamed for the country 10 years of failed reforms in which living standards plummeted.^[13] Prior to the Chechen–Russian conflict, especially when Russian authorities blames the Chechen Muslims Jihadist as responsible in the Russian apartment bombings, this has fuelled more hatred towards immigrants in the country.^[13] Prior to this, Russian skinhead began to be formed with some of the group members joining to take revenge for their family members that been killed during the bomb attacks, though some other Russians join the group as simply as they just "bored" and want to bully people.^[14] Following the attack against Vietnamese in Russia as they also been included on Russian skinhead target list on immigrants, a protest was held by Vietnamese community in the country especially after the murder of 20-year old Vietnamese student, Vu Anh Tuan in 13 October 2004 with the protestor said:

We came to study in this country, which we thought was a friend of Vietnam. We do not have drunken fights, we do not steal, we do not sell drugs and we have the right to protection from bandits.^[15]

Despite the protest for protection from Russian authorities, Vietnamese people continue to be attacked as on 25 December 2004, two Vietnamese students at the Moscow Energy Institute, Nguyen Tuan Anh and Nguyen Hoang Anh suffered severe injuries and were subsequently hospitalised after they been assaulted by a group of strangers with knives and clubs on the way back to their dormitory.^[16] On 13 March 2005, three Russians stabbed a 45-year-old Vietnamese man named Quan to death in front of his home in Moscow.^[17] On 22 March 2008, a 35-year old Vietnamese woman who worked at a Moscow market stabbed to death in an apparent race-hate killing.^[18] On 9 January 2009, a group of strangers in Moscow stabbed a 21-year-old Vietnamese student named Tang Quoc Binh resulting to his death on the next day.^[19]

Amid continuous attacks against Vietnamese students and workers, around 600 Vietnamese were rounded up in August 2013 in the city of Moscow and placed in poor conditions tents while waiting to be deported from Russia.^[20]

United States

Tension and hatred between Vietnamese immigrants and white fishermen rose up in Galveston Bay, Texas in 1981, and was intensified by the Ku Klux Klan following an invitation from the American fishermen to threatening and intimidating the Vietnamese to leave, which resulted in attacks on Vietnamese boats.^[21]

Derogatory terms

• Annamite or mites (French, English) – Originally generalised as a colonialist synonym for all Vietnamese.^{[22][23][24][25]}
• Gook – A derogatory slur for Vietnamese and East Asians. It was originally used by the US military during wartime, especially during the Vietnam War.^[26][27][28]
• Uzkoglázy (узкоглазый) – Anti-Asian Russian slur meaning slit/small eyes in Russian referring to the narrower eyes shape of other Asians as well Vietnamese.^[29]
• Yuon (yuôn) យួន /yuən/ – Ethnic slur for Vietnamese people in Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit word for Greek, "Yavana".^[30]

See also

• Racism in Vietnam

References