Altungulata
| Altungulata[1] | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Superorder: | Preptotheria |
| (unranked): | Altungulata Prothero & Schoch 1989 Pantomesaxonia Franz 1924 |
| Orders and suborders[2] | |
| |
Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (sensu Fischer 1986 and later authors) is an invalid clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa.)[2]
The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by Franz 1924, a German zoologist and racial theorist. It was resurrected by Fischer 1986 by including sirenians and excluding South American ungulates, phenacodontids, and meniscotheriids from the original concept.[3]
The name "Altungulata", introduced by Prothero & Schoch 1989 and revised by McKenna & Bell 1997,[2] was erected as an alternative because the updated concept of "Pantomesaxonia" was regarded too deviant from the original concept.[3]
Both names are still in use, and, to add to the confusion, various authors assign different ranks to the involved taxa. For example, according to Thewissen & Domning 1992, Phenacodonta (Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) and Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata.[4]
Altungulata is not supported by molecular evidence unless perissodactyls are excluded (thus dividing Altungulata into Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria), and the validity of the following uniting synapomorphies remain disputed:[2]
- bilophodonty, two lophs or crests running transversally across the crown of the tooth
- large third molars
- molarization of posterior premolars
- elongated thoracic region with at least 19 vertebrae
- clavicle absent
- similar development of fetal membranes
Recent studies on Abdounodus showcase that dental synapomorphies between both groups arose independently, further discrediting the Altungulata hypothesis.[5]
Classification
The classification below is from Rose 2006, p. 242. Paenungulata together with Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, and the lipotyphlan families Tenrecidae and Chrysochloridae compose Afrotheria.
- †Radinskya,
- †Olbitherium
- Order Perissodactyla
- Suborder Hippomorpha
- Superfamily Equoidea
- Suborder Tapiromorpha
- †Isectolophidae
- Infraorder Ceratomorpha
- Superfamily Tapiroidea
- †Helaletidae
- †Deperetellidae
- †Lophialetidae
- Tapiridae
- Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea
- †Hyrachyidae (Hyracodontidae?)
- †Hyracodontidae
- †Amynodontidae (Rhinocerotidae?)
- Rhinocerotidae
- Superfamily Tapiroidea
- Infraorder †Ancylopoda
- †Eomoropidae
- †Chalicotheriidae
- †Lophiodontidae (Tapiroidea?)
- Suborder †Titanotheriomorpha
- Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
- †Brontotheriidae (equoids)
- †Anchilophidae (palaeotheriid equoids?)
- Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
- Suborder Hippomorpha
- Order Paenungulata (=Uranotheria)
- Suborder Hyracoidea (sister taxon of Perissodactyla?)
- †Pliohyracidae
- Procaviidae
- Suborder Tethytheria
- Infraorder †Embrithopoda
- †Phenacolophidae
- †Arsinoitheriidae
- Infraorder Sirenia
- Infraorder †Desmostylia
- Infraorder Proboscidea
- †Anthracobunidae (tethytheres?)
- †Phosphatheriidae (Numidotheriidae?)
- †Numidotheriidae
- †Moeritheriidae
- †Barytheriidae
- †Deinotheriidae
- †Palaeomastodontidae
- †Phiomiidae
- †Hemimastodontidae
- †Mammutidae
- †Gomphotheriidae
- Elephantidae
- Infraorder †Embrithopoda
- Suborder Hyracoidea (sister taxon of Perissodactyla?)
See also
Notes
- ↑ "Mirorder Altungulata". Systema Naturae 2000. Retrieved April 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - 1 2 3 4 Rose 2006, pp. 241–4
- 1 2 Hooker 2005, pp. 201–2
- ↑ "[Bibliography of] Thewissen, Johannes". Sirenia.org. Retrieved May 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - ↑ Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016). "Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556.
References
- Fischer, Martin S. (1986). Die Stellung der Schliefer (Hyracoidea) im phylogenetischen System der Eutheria. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 84. pp. 1–132. ISBN 9783924500214. OCLC 15682192.
- Franz, Victor (1924). Die Geschichte der Organismen. Jena: Verlag G. Fischer.
- Hooker, Jeremy J. (2005). "The phylogenetic, geographic, and temporal origins of the Perissodactyla". In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David. The Rise of Placental Mammals. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801880223. OCLC 55801049.
- McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110138. OCLC 37345734.
- Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (1989). "Origin and Evolution of the Perissodactyla: Summary and Synthesis" (PDF). In Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. The Evolution of Perissodactyls. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 504–37. ISBN 9780195060393. OCLC 19268080. Retrieved April 2013. Check date values in:
|access-date=(help) - Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 0801884721.
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Domning, Daryl Paul (1992). "The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (4): 494–504. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011476. OCLC 4649662166.