ANUGA Hydro
 | |
|
The ANUGA viewer showing a simulated flood | |
| Developer(s) | Geoscience Australia and the Australian National University |
|---|---|
| Initial release | December 2006 |
| Stable release |
v2.0
/ 4 May 2015 |
| Repository |
github |
| Development status | Active |
| Written in | Python, C |
| Operating system | Linux, Microsoft Windows |
| Available in | English |
| License | GNU GPLv2+[1] |
| Website |
github |
ANUGA Hydro[2] is a free and open source software tool for hydrodynamic modelling, suitable for predicting the consequences of hydrological disasters such as riverine flooding, storm surges and tsunamis. For example, ANUGA can be used to create predicted inundation maps based on hypothetical tsunami or flood scenarios. The ANUGA name without qualification is used informally to mean the ANUGA Hydro tool.
ANUGA
Background
Modelling the effects on the built environment of natural hazards such as riverine flooding, storm surges and tsunami is critical for understanding their economic and social impact on our urban communities. Geoscience Australia and the Australian National University have developed a freely available hydrodynamic inundation modelling tool called ANUGA to help simulate the impact of these hazards. Based on research conducted at the Australian National University in the nineties, the development of ANUGA was commenced at Geoscience Australia in 2004[3] Although the initial aim of ANUGA was a capability to model inundation from storm surge events, the focus was redirected to tsunami inundation in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami[4] [5] The first public Open Source release of ANUGA took place in December 2006. In 2007 after approaches from Local Government Engineers, a rainfall routine was added. This allows rainfall to be placed directly over the topography described in the computational domain. A time series can be applied to a polygon, or a series of polygons. Alternatively a rainfall grid can be applied. This is particularly useful for applying RADAR rainfall.
Simulation Engine
The fluid dynamics in ANUGA are based on a Finite volume method for solving the Shallow Water Wave Equation. This has been shown to be one of the most Stable, and Robust approaches to accurately resolve the behaviour of water movement. The study area is represented by a mesh of triangular cells that can vary in size in order to capture detail where it is required. By solving the governing equation within each cell, water surface, bed elevation (hence depth) and horizontal (X-y) momentum are tracked over time.
A major capability of ANUGA is that it can model the process of wetting and drying as water enters and leaves an area. This means that it is suitable for simulating water flow onto a beach or dry land and around structures such as buildings. ANUGA is also capable of modelling hydraulic jumps due to the ability of the finite-volume method to accommodate discontinuities in the solution. While ANUGA works with discontinuities in the conserved momentum quantities, it does not allow discontinuities in the bed elevation, although it remains stable and resolve the flow on quite steep slopes. Note that a discontinuous solver was recently added to the code (2014).
User Interface
Most ANUGA components are written in the object-oriented programming language Python.[6] Software written in Python can be produced quickly and can be readily adapted to changing requirements throughout its lifetime. Computationally intensive components are written for efficiency in C routines working directly with Python numpy structures.
To set up a model of a scenario the user specifies the geometry (bathymetry and topography), the initial water level, boundary conditions such as tide, and any forcing terms that may drive the system such as rainfall, water abstraction, wind stress or atmospheric pressure gradients. Gravity and Frictional resistance from the different terrains in the model are represented by predefined forcing terms.
ANUGA viewer
The ANUGA Viewer[7] is a graphical 3D rendering program suitable for animating the output files from ANUGA.
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The ANUGA viewer showing a simulated flood
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ANUGA viewer showing a hypothetical channel flow with obstacles dynamically changing the flow pattern
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ANUGA viewer showing the triangular mesh used for the validation model of the Okushiri island wavetank experiment.
It should also be noted that additional viewing capability is available via several other options:
- Using Commercial Software such as WaterRide (Ref to WebSite)
- Using Free tools Such as Mirone (Grid viewing software) which has a specific tool called Aquamoto
- Using SWW2DEM in combination with any GIS platform
- Using Crayfish viewer as plugin in QGIS (http://www.lutraconsulting.co.uk/products/crayfish/)
- Possibly using tools such as VisIt (Ref to Web Site)
-
The Aquamoto Tool in MIRONE Software
-
The Wateride User Interface from Worley Parsons
Validation studies
ANUGA has been extensively validated against wave tank experiments and field studies where available. Examples include validation against the wave tank experiment for the Okushiri 1995 tsunami ,[8] wave tank runup experiments at University of Queensland [9] the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami impact at Patong Beach ,[10] comparison to other models [11] [12] ANUGA was a late entry in the UK 2D model Benchmarking project in 2010 using version 1.1beta_7501. As a result, not all tests were completed. However of the basic tests ANUGA was well within the comparable range of results of other models. Since late 2013 the standard test suite for the model also includes a full catchment model (Towradgi Creek Catchment) which has been validated against the 17 August 1998 storm event.
ANUGA Software Development Methodology
ANUGA is developed as an AGILE project so with strong adherence to Test Driven Development and Continuous Integration. ANUGA has almost 1000 individual tests that can be run by users or developers to verify that a given installation works as expected. ANUGA is fully versioned using the source code control system Subversion and has up till now been hosted at the Australian National University (https://anuga.anu.edu.au/svn/anuga/trunk/anuga_core) although the developers are considering moving ANUGA to Google Code or github to ensure sustainability in the longer term. The exact version number of a particular release is kept with the filename so that any installation can be linked back to a particular version in the repository. The use of this system allows a user to replicate a model run from a previous version, with the previous version at any time. It also of course thereby allows comparison with the current version.
ANUGA Development Timeline Summary
Noting that ANUGA runs both in serial (1 core) and parallel (many cores) tested on 1000s.
Here is a rough time line of major developments:
Date : Version : Comment
1999 : ------- : Zoppou Roberts Paper
2004 : ------- : Storm Surge
2005 : ------- : Tsunami
2006/08/16: 3500 : Moved code to SVN
2006/09/07: 3548 : Offline viewer with Animation capability
2006/12/19: 4092 : First Public Release Open Source & Free
2007/06/04: 4530 : Rainfall forcing function added
2008/03/28: 5178 : Rainfall forcing to polygons
2008/06/10: 5435 : Bridges/ Culverts (using US Dept of Transportation Method as adapted by Generalised Equations by Boyd in the WBNM model)
2008/07/15: 5585 : Multi-Barrel culvert added
2009/08/14: 7376 : Moveable Bed (The bed elevation can be a time varying quantity)
2009/08/19: 7452 : Move culvert from Forcing to Operator
2010/11/11: 8069 : Major Version 1.2.0 package released
2010/11/25: 8087 : Minor Package up date 1.2.1 released
2011/01/31: 8116 : Update to Wind and Pressure Terms
2011/03/08: 8128 : Model domain Operators concept developed
2011/03/22: 8161 : Kinematic Viscosity moved from Forcing to Operator
2012/xx/xx: xxxx : Depth Varying Mannings Roughness Function added
2012/07/31: 8485 : Erosion Based on Bed Shear Operator
2013/05/27: 8877 : Add a gate structure capability
2013/09/12: 8973 : Set value by Grid(RADAR Rainfall & Roughness Grid)
ANUGA Development Ideas for the Future
The development of ANUGA is ongoing and dynamic. The introduction of "Operators" was a major step in that it allowed many additional possibilities. The future development is currently driven by both performance increases and adding capability. Currently there is work underway on the following items (that will be moved to the above list once fully achieved):
- Easily availability to a GPU capable version ( Beta version is currently working)
- Linking to a highly capable urban pipe network model such as SWMM
- Ongoing speed improvements to the code
Limitations
Although a flexible hydrodynamic modelling tool, ANUGA has a number of limitations that any potential user needs to be aware of. They are:
- The mathematical model is the 2D shallow water wave equation. As such it cannot resolve vertical convection and consequently not breaking waves or 3D turbulence (e.g. vorticity).
- All spatial coordinates are assumed to be UTM (meters). As such, ANUGA is unsuitable for modelling flows in areas larger than one and half UTM zones (9 degrees wide).
- Fluid is assumed to be inviscid – But kinematic viscosity can be used modelled using a kinematic viscosity operator.
- The finite volume is a very robust and flexible numerical technique, but it is not the fastest method around. If the geometry is sufficiently simple and if there is no need for wetting or drying, a Finite difference method may be able to solve the problem faster than ANUGA.
- Frictional resistance is implemented using Manning’s formula.
Who uses ANUGA?
- Geoscience Australia
- Australian National University
- Fire and Emergency Services of Western Australia
- Franzius-Institut, Leibniz University Hannover[13]
- Australia-Indonesia Facility for Disaster Reduction
- Wollongong City Council
- Balance Research & Development
What has ANUGA been used for?
- ANUGA was trialled as a conventional hydrodynamic 2D flood model[14] on both a complex urban system and a simpler rural system. The urban model included a dam break scenario with flood water passing through a residential area
The model was found to have:
- "The ability to construct a model with elements varying in size to suit the features being modelled permitted flow behaviour to be simulated realistically and at a level of local detail that structured grid models cannot practically reproduce"
- ANUGA has been used to assess the likely difference in tsunami amplification and dissipation between different characteristic coastal embayments, coastal entrances and estuaries[15] The results showed that:
- "for large embayments, the wave run-up can be amplified by a factor six in comparison to the amplitude at the model boundary. For small embayments, the amplification is dependent on the location of the ocean water line, or tidal stage"
- In 2005, ANUGA was used to demonstrate the capability to simulate inundation of an urban coastal city as part of the Catastrophic Disasters Working Group activity in 2005 by the Attorney Generals Department and Geoscience Australia for the then Australian Emergency Management Committee. An animation was produced and is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_U2DVSLHic
Awards and Exposure
ANUGA has been used to understand tsunami risk to the Western Australia coastline and the results of this work are being utilised by emergency managers and the Department for Planning and Infrastructure in Western Australia. In 2007 this work received the Asia-Pacific Spatial Excellence Award and the Emergency Management Australia Safer Communities Award. In June 2009, ANUGA was featured in a special episode on the Australian TV program The New Inventors: Dealing With Disasters: <http://www.abc.net.au/tv/newinventors/txt/s3023743.htm>.
Support and getting involved
ANUGA is an open source project and supported by the organisations that develop and use it. Questions and interest in contributing can be directed to the mailing list anuga-user@lists.sourceforge.net
External links
License
ANUGA is freely available and distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence.
References
- ↑ "ANUGA User Manual" (PDF). 19 May 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ↑ https://github.com/GeoscienceAustralia/anuga_core
- ↑ Nielsen O. Water flow software, open to all. In: AusGEO news, No. 75, September 2004; pages 8-9. Availability: <http://www.ga.gov.au/ausgeonews/archive/200410.jsp>
- ↑ Nielsen O, Roberts S, Gray D, McPherson A and Hitchman A. Hydrodynamic modelling of coastal inundation. In: MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia & New Zealand; pages: 518-523. Availability: <http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/nielsen.pdf>. [cited 1 May 2011].
- ↑ Ole Nielsen, Jane Sexton, Duncan Gray and Nick Bartzis. Modelling answers tsunami questions. In: AusGEO news, No. 83, September 2006; pages Availability: <http://www.ga.gov.au/ausgeonews/ausgeonews200609/modelling.jsp>.
- ↑ https://www.python.org
- ↑ http://sourceforge.net/projects/anuga-viewer/
- ↑ Nielsen O, Roberts S, Gray D, McPherson A and Hitchman A. Hydrodynamic modelling of coastal inundation. In: MODSIM 2005 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia & New Zealand; pages: 518-523. Availability: <http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/nielsen.pdf>. [cited 1 May 2011].
- ↑ Tom Baldock et al. Direct Bed Shear Stress Measurements in Laboratory Swash. Availability: <"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-05-01.>
- ↑ Jakeman et al. Towards spatially distributed quantitative assessment of tsunami inundation models. In OCEAN DYNAMICS Volume 60, Number 5; pages: 1115-1138, doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0312-4. Availability:<http://www.springerlink.com/content/x83349t7t5722348>
- ↑ Rudy Van Drie, Dr. Petar Milevski, Michael Simon. ANUGA: - Identifying Real Hazard by Direct Hydrology in 2D Hydraulic Model and the role of roughness. Availability: <http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/35745/22414-005VAN.pdf?sequence=1>
- ↑ Sachi Canning. Installation and Testing of new hydraulic model. Availability: <http://anuga.anu.edu.au/attachment/wiki/AnugaPublications/ANUGA%20%E2%80%93%20installation%20and%20Testing%20of%20new%20hydraulic%20model%20-%20Sachi%20Canning%202009.doc>
- ↑ T. Schlurmann, W. Kongko, N. Goseberg, D. H. Natawidjaja and K. Sieh. NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP PADANG, WEST SUMATRA: UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RESEASONABLE SOURCE SCENARIOS, 2010. Availability: <http://www.gitews.org/tsunami-kit/en/E1/further_resources/hazard_maps/padang/Near%20field%20tsunami%20hazard%20map%20Padang%20West%20Sumatera%20by%20Schlurmann%20et%20al.pdf>.
- ↑ Rigby, E and van Drie, Rudy. ANUGA: A New Free and Open Source Hydrodynamic Model [online]. In: Proceedings of Water Down Under 2008; pages: 629-638. Lambert, Martin (Editor); Daniell, TM (Editor); Leonard, Michael (Editor). Modbury, SA: Engineers Australia ; Causal Productions, 2008. Availability: <http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=566845972639991;res=IELENG> ISBN 0-85825-735-1. [cited 21 Dec 09].
- ↑ Baldock, T. E., Barnes, M. P., Guard, P. A., Hie, Thomas, Hanslow, D., Ranasinghe, R., Gray, D., Nielsen, O. (2007) "Modelling tsunami inundation on coastlines with characteristic form", 16th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference (AFMC), published by School of Engineering, The University of Queensland. Availability: <http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:121035/Baldock_afmc_16_07.pdf> ISBN 978-1-86499-894-8