34th G8 summit

34th G8 Summit

34th G8 Summit official logo
Host country Japan
Dates July 7–9, 2008
Follows 33rd G8 summit
Precedes 35th G8 summit

The 34th G8 summit was held in Tōyako (洞爺湖 Tōya-ko, Lake Toya) on the northern island of Hokkaido, Japan, on July 7–9, 2008.[1] The locations of previous summits to have been hosted by Japan include: Tokyo (1979, 1986, 1993); and Nago, Okinawa (2000). The G8 Summit has evolved beyond being a gathering of world political leaders. The event has become an occasion for a wide variety of non-governmental organizations, activists and civic groups to congregate and discuss a multitude of issues.[2]

Overview

The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.[3] In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.[4] The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.[5]

In discussions regarding Africa during the 34th G8 Summit, the G8 leaders set a five-year deadline to commit US$60 billion in funding to help fight disease in Africa and renewed a commitment made three years earlier to double aid for Africa to $25-billion by 2010 and to consider pledging further assistance after 2010.[6] On the topic of global warming, the G8 leaders agreed on the need for the world to cut carbon emissions blamed for global warming by at least 50 percent by 2050. Environmental activists and leaders from the developing countries described the statement as a "toothless gesture".[6] Results of discussions on the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, which had earlier been leaked by Wikileaks,[7] were not known. The G8 leaders made statements regarding their relations with Zimbabwe,[8] Iran and North Korea.[6] The responses of the G8 leaders to the "Challenge to the G8 Governments" of over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals requesting them to "cancel all illegitimate debt", to "end the practice of using loans and debt cancellation to impose conditionalities" and to "facilitate the return of stolen assets kept in the banks in the G8 countries" are not presently known.[9] Regarding the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, the differences between the G8 leaders and the citizens' groups' approaches to solving the crisis appeared unresolved. The G8's communiqué said that it was "imperative" to remove export restrictions,[6] in contrast to requests of the signers of the "Challenge to the G8 Governments".[9]

The G8 summits during the 21st-century have also involved widespread parallel debates and protests by citizens[10] and claimed human rights violations against some of them during massive police/military[11] operations. Over 40 dissidents were arrested before the summit started[12] and nineteen or twenty Koreans critical of the G8 leadership were detained at New Chitose Airport for at least 24 hours.[13][14] During a "non-violent demonstration where no acts against property or people took place" according to a legal observer, at least four people were arrested, including a Reuters cameraman.[15] At this venue, amongst the reasons cited for demonstrations and protests were that a G8 summit is merely an arbitrary meeting of national leaders[16] and that it is also a nexus which becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the event and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.[17]

Leaders at the summit

The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.[4]

The 34th G8 summit was the first summit for British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev,[18] and was the last summit for U.S. President George W. Bush.[19] It was also the first and only summit for Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda.[20] Fukuda resigned as Japan's Prime Minister on September 1, and he being the first of the G8 leaders at the summit to leave office.[21]

French President Nicolas Sarkozy observed, "I think it is not reasonable to continue to meet as eight to solve the big questions of the world, forgetting China -- one billion 300 million people -- and not inviting India -- one billion people."[22] Japan and the United States announced opposition to Sarkozy's implied suggestion.[23]

Core G8 participants

These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum:[24]

Core G8 members
Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.
Member Represented by Title
Canada Canada Stephen Harper[25] Prime Minister
France France Nicolas Sarkozy[25] President
Germany Germany Angela Merkel[25] Chancellor
Italy Italy Silvio Berlusconi[25] Prime Minister
Japan Japan Yasuo Fukuda[25] Prime Minister
Russia Russia Dmitry Medvedev[25] President
United Kingdom United Kingdom Gordon Brown[25] Prime Minister
United States United States George W. Bush[25] President
European Union European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso[26] President
G8+5 Invitees
Member Represented by Title
Brazil Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva President [27]
China China Hu Jintao President [28]
India India Manmohan Singh Prime Minister [29]
Mexico Mexico Felipe Calderón President [30]
South Africa South Africa Thabo Mbeki President [31]

Invited leaders

Family photo of the G8+G5

A number of national leaders were invited to attend the summit and to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities.

Heads of intergovernmental organizations

Leaders of major intergovernmental organizations had been invited to participate in the summit's outreach sessions.

Priorities

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign. This year, leaders of the G8 hoped to find common ground on climate change, the global economy and a host of political crises.[6]

Issues

The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.[5]

Africa

U.S. President Bush meets Tanzanian President Kikwete

The G8 leaders were in a position to discuss the "full range of issues relating to African development".[44] The need to address long-term planning for African development has been a G8 agenda item for a number of years. In 2008, Japan hosted both the G8 summit and the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV) -— a pentannual (recurring in five-year cycles) meeting for African leaders and their development partners. This meant that Japan had the opportunity to help Africa into the spotlight of international attention.[45] Africa, which has been on the G8 agenda since 2000 when Japan last chaired the G8, has continued to lag behind on progress towards meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) while Asia has made considerable strides during the same period. Unanswered questions remain about why what has happened in Asia has not happened in Africa.[46]

After discussions, the G8 leaders announced new measures on improving education, health, water supplies and sanitation and increasing the number of doctors and nurses in Africa. However, the Times says that it will be by the presence, or absence, of a headline figure on overall African aid that their talks will be judged a success or failure. Fukuda and Brown are reported to be pressing for the fulfillment of pledges made at the 2005 Gleneagles summit, but Sarkozy and Berlusconi are seen to be for pulling back from those commitments.[47]

The G8 leaders set a five-year deadline to commit $60-billion in funding to help Africa fight disease, including pledging 100 million mosquito nets by 2010 which will prevent thousands of deaths from malaria. They also renewed a commitment made three years ago to double aid for Africa to $25-billion by 2010 and to consider pledging further assistance after 2010.[6]

Climate change

The G8 leaders claimed that they would discuss the "full range of issues relating to climate".[48]

A package of proposals has been developed for further discussion including "a new framework that will ensure participation by the United States and China, the world's largest greenhouse-gas emitters." The G8 conference is claimed by G8 organisers to be "an important platform to firm up commitments" based on the initial framework agreed upon at the December 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bali, Indonesia.[46]

In the "Challenge to the G8 Governments" by over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals, critics of the G8 claimed that the G8 states are themselves responsible for the climate crisis. They called for the G8 governments to "stop financing projects and policies that contribute to climate change".[9]

G8 leaders agreed on the need for the world to cut carbon emissions blamed for global warming by at least 50 percent by 2050 and for each nation to set its own target for near term goals. The communiqué represents a small step forward from last year's call to "consider seriously" such long-term cuts; but environmental activists and leaders from the developing countries were disappointed, describing the statement as a toothless gesture.[6]

The impact of climate change on small Pacific Island nations will also be an "unofficial theme" of the G8 summit, according to a report by the Asahi Evening News.[49] Japan had unveiled a plan called the Cool Earth Partnership in June 2008 in order to help small Pacific states and other developing nations cope with the challenges of climate change.[49] An official for the Japanese Ministry of the Environment stated that it wanted to unveil the new aid package before the G8 Summit in order to further dialogue on the subject.[49] Tavau Teii, the Deputy Prime Minister of Tuvalu, a recipient of Japan's aid package against rising sea levels, toured Japan in the run up to the G8 Summit to raise awareness on the impact of climate change on his small island country.[49][50]

Intellectual property rights

[7]

A leaked document[51] details provisions of a proposed plurilateral trade agreement that would impose strict enforcement of intellectual property rights related to Internet activity and trade in information-based goods. If adopted, a treaty of this form would impose a strong, top-down enforcement regime imposing new cooperation requirements upon ISPs, including perfunctory disclosure of customer information, as well as measures restricting the use of online privacy tools. The proposal also specifies a plan to encourage developing nations to accept the legal regime. Talking points from the European Commission, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and others have published selected passages ostensibly from this document.[52]

Political issues

Amongst the important issues which were open for discussion included terrorism and nuclear non-proliferation.[53]

World economy

The Summit Website highlights several key issues surrounding the world economy to be discussed, including: sustained growth of the world economy, investment, trade, protection of intellectual property rights, emerging economies and natural resources.[53]

The requests to the G8 governments expressed in the "Challenge to the G8 Governments" by over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals regarding the world economy were to "cancel all illegitimate debt", "end the practice of using loans and debt cancellation to impose conditionalities" and "facilitate the return of stolen assets kept in the banks in the G8 countries."[9]

Food crisis

Regarding the 2007–2008 world food price crisis, over 100 NGOs and other organisations and individuals issued a "Challenge to the G8 Governments" which called for the G8 to "respect efforts to reverse the harmful policies that have led to the food crisis" and for the G8 to "ban speculation on food prices".[9]

G8 leaders called on those nations with sufficient food stocks to release some of their reserves to help others cope with soaring prices; and the G8's mildly worded communiqué said it was "imperative" to remove export restrictions.[6]

Schedule and agenda

Family photo of the G8 heads of delegations

A tentative schedule for the G8 summit was arranged in advance; and contingencies affecting some surrounding events were anticipated the summit planners.[55]

July 5

Saturday's agenda included the following:[55]

July 6

Sunday's agenda included the following:[55]

July 7

The first official day of meetings in Tōyako focused on African development issues. The exchange of views were aired in a number of bilateral meetings and in an expanded afternoon session which brought together the G8 leaders and leaders of seven African countries -- Algeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and the chairman of the African Union Commission. Monday's agenda included the following:[55]

July 8

The second day of meetings in Tōyako focused on the food crisis, oil prices, and climate change. Tuesday's agenda included the following:[55]

July 9

The third day of the summit was devoted to crafting summary statements to describe some of the substantive issues which were discussed by the leaders. Wednesday's schedule included two morning sessions. An outreach meeting in the early morning brought together G8 leaders and the leaders of Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa. There was a separate meeting for G8 leaders and leaders of "major economies" -- Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa and South Korea. Wednesday's agenda encompassed the following:[55]

NGO response

International development NGOs[92] and networks reacted with a mixture of disappointment and frustration to the final communiqué of the July 2008 G8 summit in Hokkaido, Japan.

60,000 UK citizens and 1,000,000 people worldwide had signed petitions calling on G8 leaders to resolve the food crisis, address climate change, deliver funds for water and sanitation, and provide aid for healthcare and education.

However, concrete plans from the G8 to deliver action on these vital concerns were not forthcoming.

Food crisis

The G8 registered their deep concern about the current global food crisis, but did not announce tangible or measurable initiatives for tackling it.

According to World Vision the $10 billion pledged since January will make a difference in the short term. Tearfund see the appointment of a G8 Expert Group to monitor the implementation of food security commitments as a positive step, although the lack of measurable plans adopted means that it is unclear exactly what role this group will play.

Many NGOs report that the G8 did not address the structural causes of the food crisis. Instead of delivering trade justice, G8 leaders pushed for even more trade liberalisation for developing countries. The G8 also remained silent on the role of food-price speculation in global markets in making the crisis worse. They also used only vague words on reducing bio-fuels and addressing climate change.

Climate change

The G8 pledged to cut CO2 emissions by half by 2050. However NGOs including CAFOD, ActionAid, Christian Aid, Oxfam and Save the Children all argue that this is not credible, because there is no agreed baseline year, no agreement on when emissions will peak and begin to decline and no mid-term target on emissions reductions.

$6 billion was pledged to a ‘Climate Investment Fund’. However Christian Aid points out two problems with this. Firstly, the fund will be housed at the World Bank, which has a track record of imposing damaging economic policies on poor countries and is backing a large portfolio of greenhouse gas emitting projects around the world. Secondly, this is not new money - the money will come out of aid budgets, at a time when aid budgets are decreasing.

Water and sanitation

The international alliance End Water Poverty reports that hopes of a breakthrough in the global sanitation and water crisis at the G8 summit were dashed as the G8 delivered a communiqué largely devoid of concrete actions to help the 2.6 billion people lacking access to a safe toilet, and the 1.1 billion people lacking access to clean water. Instead of agreeing an action plan to tackle what a recent WaterAid report claims kills more children than any other single factor, G8 leaders were content to report on progress at the 2009 summit and take steps to implement the discredited 2003 G8 Evian Water Action Plan.

Aid for healthcare and education

Tearfund welcomed the fact that G8 leaders committed to provide a projected $60 billion for health over the next 5 years. However, they point out that this falls far short of what is required to achieve the health-related MDGs and Universal Access by 2010. Based on current UNAIDS resource estimates, the G8 share of resources needed for HIV alone is US$65 billion for the next three years. Meanwhile, previous commitments, such as universal access to paediatric treatment, as outlined at Heiligendamm in 2007, are conspicuous by their absence.

There are no timetables for delivery or measurable action plans attached to the communiqué. G8 leaders have agreed to establish a monitoring mechanism but the details remain unclear. Without funding, timetables and monitoring mechanisms, the G8 leaders’ stated concerns about global health will be empty gestures.

According to the Global Campaign for Education, there has been a pledge of $1 billion for education, yet this is less than 10% of what is needed to deliver what is every child’s human right.

Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses

Over 40 dissidents were arrested before the summit started[12] and nineteen or twenty Koreans critical of the G8 leadership were detained at New Chitose Airport for at least 24 hours.[13][14] During a "non-violent demonstration where no acts against property or people took place" according to a legal observer, at least four people were arrested, including a Reuters cameraman.[15]

Protesters and demonstrations

Protests at the Summit
Antiglobalist demonstration march.
Many of the groups planning protests were coordinated through the G8 Action Network.[10]

Not all demonstrations were agitating in opposition to some issue. At the 2005 Scotland summit, for the first time the tens of thousands of people protesting outside were actually supporting the summit's agenda of African aid;[3] and some activists travelled to Hokkaido for the same purpose. Veteran British actor and Oxfam activist Bill Nighy in Sapporo explained succinctly: "We want to achieve exactly what we wanted to achieve last time [at Heiligendamm, Germany], which is to keep the G8 leaders and their governments to their promise. The promise that they would fulfil the Millennium Development Goals: primary school education for everyone; HIV medicines for all the people that are requiring it; maternal health; sustainable environment. We simply want them not to renege on those promises and to keep it up to schedule. At the moment, they are disastrously behind schedule. So we are looking to remind them of that."[93]

Some protesting organizations in Sapporo during the G8 summit tried to leverage the spirit of the Japanese Tanabata festival to focus attention on what they hope this summit will accomplish.[57] In the evening of July 7, the G8 leaders were invited to create their own tanzaku, and the group was captured by the summit photographer in front of the bamboo on which their private wishes had been tied. The same theme was exploited by non-governmental organizations like Oxfam and CARE International in setting up an online wish petition campaign to coincide with the G8 Summit and Tanabata.[94]

The Iranian international news network, broadcasting in English on a round-the-clock basis, reported activists in the streets of Sapporo who were urging the G8 to pay more attention to food producers and rapidly escalating food prices.[95]

Human rights violations and border controls

One day before the G8 Finance Ministers' Meeting started in Osaka with a very large police presence, a day labourer in Kamagasaki was allegedly tortured by the police. In response, many day labourers and other local citizens carried out several days of street protests.

During the month before the 34th G8 Summit started, "over 40 people were arrested in pre-emptive sweeps of broad left and anarchist groups".[12]

Just preceding the summit, Via Campesina complained about the detention for over 24 hours of 19 (or 20) Korean farmers at New Chitose Airport and their likely deportation from Japan, stating that the farmers were travelling with an official invitation letter from Nouminren (Japanese Family Farmers' Movement) and a full programme of their planned activities as requested by the authorities. Via Campesina asserted the "right to meet, demonstrate and propose solutions to the problems facing humanity and the environment" and demanded that "all the farmers, workers and other activists detained at the Sapporo Airport be allowed to join the civil society activities parallel to the G8 Summit."[13][14]

During a "non-violent demonstration where no acts against property or people took place, or even appeared likely to take place" according to Ko Watari, a legal observer, at least four people were arrested, including a Reuters cameraman. The arrestees potentially face "years in prison" according to the "No! G8 Legal Team".[15]

Citizen journalism

Citizens' groups organized several citizen journalism centres to provide independent media coverage of the expected protests.[96] In a sense, this text is the work product of something like citizen journalism, creating this article as part of "the first rough draft of history."[97]

Accomplishments

G8 "family photo" at the Hokkaido summit. From left are: Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi of Italy; President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia; Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany; Prime Minister Gordon Brown of the United Kingdom; Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda of Japan; President George W. Bush of the United States; Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada; President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, and José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission

The composition of the G8 summit is not an agenda item, but wanted to see the group expand to include China, Mexico, India, Brazil and other major economies like Australia, South Korea and Spain. The G8 summit is an international event which is observed and reported by news media, but the G8's continuing relevance after more than 30 years is somewhat unclear.[98] More than one analyst suggests that a G-8 summit is not the place to flesh out the details of any difficult or controversial policy issue in the context of a three-day event.[99] Rather, the meeting offers an opportunity to bring a range of complex and sometimes inter-related issues. The G8 summit brings leaders together "not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together."[100]

Analysts anticipate that this will not be a summit in which an ambitious new agenda is mapped out, but rather one which will be cautiously focused on trying to keep the lid on growing global discontent.[18] In 1976, the first year Canada attended, the nations issued a 1,600-word statement that made seven commitments, none of which were ever fully delivered by the members. In 2007, the nations made 329 commitments, about a third of which are being turned into reality. This, defenders of the G8 say, is proof of the summits' continuing effectiveness: the G8 are generally doing a better job than ever before of delivering on pledges made at these annual summit meetings.[3]

The projected evaluation of this G8 summit can be assessed or measured in a context which encompasses the most recent G8 summits. At the 2004 summit at Sea Island in United States, the G8 leaders agreed to extend debt relief programs for poor countries, but fell short of demands for a total write-off of loans owed by African nations to multilateral lending agencies. The G8 leaders said they would extend the term of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries initiative, under which poor states can write off some of their debt. A summary of accomplishments from the three most recent G8 summits would include:[101]

2005 summit. In Gleneagles in Scotland, the G8 leaders agreed to more than double aid to Africa by 2010; but aid agencies argued there was little new money in the pledge. They also pledged that G8 nations and other donors would increase total aid for all developing countries by about $50 billion a year by 2010. Assistance to Africa was put at the top of the 2005 summit by British Prime Minister Tony Blair;[102] but those well-intentioned plans were thwarted because Blair was forced to return to London after terrorist bomb explosions disrupted London's public transportation. The discussion about African issues was not as fruitful as the regular G8 sessions and had a "fragmented" character. A credible analysis of the summit suggests that Gleneagles stands apart from the other G8 summits ....

It would have been a regular summit if not for the terrorist attacks on London, as odd as it may seem at first sight. Although the tragedy took away a considerable portion of attention that would have otherwise been directed to the world richest and most powerful countries ..., the attacks provided for the relative success of the summit ... due to the necessity to demonstrate the united front against terrorism and to achieve somewhat tangible results that terrorists could not prevent.[103]

2006 summit. In Saint Petersburg in Russia, the G8 leaders agreed to a formal agenda of energy security, combating infectious diseases and promoting education—all topics held little controversy and required no financial commitment by G8 members. Assistance to Africa from the 2005 summit agenda re-appeared on the 2006 agenda;[102] but no tangible actions ensued.[101]

2007 summit. In Heiligendamm in Germany, the G8 leaders agreed to consider a global goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and to negotiate a new global climate pact that would extend and broaden the Kyoto Protocols.[104] For Africa, the G8 pledged $60 billion to fight AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis;[102] but the declaration set out no specific timetable, nor did it break down individual countries' contributions or spell out how much of the total funds had been previously promised.[101]

Infrastructure Consortium for Africa

The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) was established at the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland in the United Kingdom in 2005. Since that time, the ICA’s annual meeting is traditionally hosted by the country holding the Presidency of the G8. The 2008 meeting was held in Tokyo in March 2008.[105]

Budget

Main venue Windsor Hotel Toya Resort & Spa

Japan spent an unprecedented amount on hosting the G-8 Summit.[106] Although a full accounting has not been announced, the estimated total budget was more than ¥60 billion:

The Times reports that the estimated cost of the Hokkaidō summit topped $285 million.[109]

Notable statistics

Delegates

Security
Security Police undertaking VIP duties in Hokkaido.
Security Police in a Mercedes-Benz S600. A placard in the window shows these SP officers are escorting the South Korea delegation.

With more than 2,000 delegates in total, it is the largest G8 summit ever. Besides the leaders of the G8 nations attending, there are the government leaders of seven African nations and representatives from the five developing countries. Also in attendance are leaders from Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[110]

Logistics

Business opportunity

For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event; as for example, the G8 Summit magazine which has been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.[111]

Hokkaido's small businesses which were located near the summit site discovered that most of their customers were policemen during the event; and the tourist trade was virtually dead." The Guardian reported one shop owner's terse point of view: "I just want to get this summit over and done with so we can get back to normal."[108]

In contrast, a foreign ministry spokesman focused on the exposure Toyako [Lake Toya] received in the international media; and he argued that the short-term sacrifice would prove to be worthwhile in terms of long-term business opportunities.[108]

Gallery

Core G8 participants

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference delegations was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ see above

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): 34th G8 summit, overview.
  2. ↑ Zablonski, Lukasz and Philip Seaton. "The Hokkaido Summit as a Springboard for Grassroots Initiatives: The 'Peace, Reconciliation & Civil Society' Symposium," The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (e-journal). ID No. 2973.
  3. 1 2 3 Saunders, Doug. "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders," Globe and Mail (Toronto). July 5, 2008. Archived April 29, 2009, at WebCite
  4. 1 2 Reuters: "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?", July 3, 2008.
  5. 1 2 Bob Reinalda (1998). Autonomous policy making by international organizations. Psychology Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Key agreements at G8 summit," Economic Times (India). July 8, 2007.
  7. 1 2 wikileaks.org: ACTA Full text (176 KB), wikileaks.org. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  8. ↑ Statement Archived August 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Jubilee South-Asia Pacific Movement on Debt and Development (JS-APMDD) (2008-07-07). "Challenge to the G8 Governments". with over 100 international, regional, national, and local organizations and individuals. Freedom from Debt Coalition. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  10. 1 2 "G8 Action Network". G8 Action Network. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  11. ↑ Gipfelsoli Infogroup/Media G8way (2008-07-07). "Anti-G8 protesters are on their way to the G8 Hotel". Indymedia Japan. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Resistance action against police in Kamagasaki," Indymedia. June 17, 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "La Via Campesina Statement on the unfair detention of 19 Korean farmers". Via Campesina. 2008-07-04. Archived from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Kubota, Yoko (2008-07-04). "Japan holds 20 anti-G8 Koreans: activists". Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  15. 1 2 3 4 No! G8 Legal Team -- NG8LT (2007-08-07). "Call for Solidarity with Counter-G8 Protesters in Japan". Z Communications. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  16. ↑ "Let's Join in G8 Action Network Action Against Social Exclusion and Call for Fair Labor - Join Us in the Movement Against G8". No G8 Action Japan. 2008-06-20. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  17. ↑ "Update: G8...Forward plan with others for future G8 summits," BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008. Archived January 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  18. 1 2 Zakaria, Tabassum. "G8 summit of politically weak facing tough issues," Turkish Daily News (Istanbul). July 3, 2008.
  19. ↑ Raum, Tom. "Bush's final G-8 summit could be harmonious," International Herald-Tribune. July 3, 2008; Iwuagwu, Obi. "Africa and the G8 Summits," Business Day (Lagos, Nigeria). July 17, 2008."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  20. ↑ Gilson, Mike. "Land of Rising Sun can shed new light on climate fight," The Scotsman (Edinburgh). June 30, 2008.
  21. ↑ "Get someone else," The Economist. September 1, 2008.
  22. ↑ Wendlandt, Astrid. "France's Sarkozy says "not reasonable" to meet as G8," Reuters. July 5, 2008; Pascal Liétout, Pascal. "Nicolas Sarkozy veut ouvrir le G8 à la Chine, l'Inde, l'Afrique," L'Express (Paris). July 5, 2008.
  23. ↑ "G8: U. S. Against Broadening to Emerging Economies," AGI (Agenzia Giornolistica Italiana). July 7, 2008.
  24. ↑ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Brookings. March 27, 2009; "core" members (Muskoka 2010 G-8, official site). Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2008 Hokkaido G-8, delegations.
  26. ↑ Hokkaido G-8, delegations; "EU and the G8" Archived February 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Munari, Carmen."Agenda política - Lula participa de reunião do G8 no Japão," O Globo (São Paulo). July 4, 2008 (in Portuguese).
  28. ↑ "President Hu to attend G8 summit in Japan," China Daily (Beijing). July 2, 2008.
  29. ↑ "G-8: world economy will be in focus," The Hindu (Chennai). July 5, 2008; "PM to take up fuel price issue, need for action plan at G8 meet," The Hindu Business Line (New Delhi) -- Dr Singh will have bilateral meeting the Prime Minister of Japan, the US President, and the leaders of Australia, Canada, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Russia and the Secretary General of the United Nations."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  30. ↑ "México: presidente Calderón viaja a Japón por cumbre G8 y visita China," Univision (Mexico). July 4, 2008. (in Spanish)
  31. ↑ Liang, Yan. "Mbeki to attend G-8 outreach session in Japan," Xinhua (Beijing). July 6, 2008; Fabricus, Peter. "Mbeki to press G8 leaders on Africa," The Star (Johannesburg). July 7, 2008.
  32. ↑ Saidani, Hamid. <<L’UPM sera au centre des discussions, Entretien Bouteflika-Sarkozy au Japon,>> Lakoom-info (Paris). July 5, 2008. (in French) Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ Stewart, Cameron. "Perfect Timing for Kevin Rudd's Trip to Australia," The Australian (Melbourne). July 5, 2008.
  34. ↑ Lian, Yan. "Japanese ambassador: G8 Summit to highlight African issues," Xinhua (Beijing)> July 5, 2008.
  35. ↑ "President Kufuor leaves for G8 summit," Joy Online. July 5, 2008. Archived November 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Liang, Yan. "Indonesian president to speak on food security at G8+8 summit," Xinhua (Beijing). July 2, 2008.
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  52. ↑ The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) has useful links.
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