1848 Marlborough earthquake
  1848 Marlborough earthquake | |
| Date | 16 October 1848 |
|---|---|
| Magnitude | ML 7.4 Mw 7.5 |
| Depth | shallow |
| Epicenter | 41°48′S 173°42′E / 41.800°S 173.700°ECoordinates: 41°48′S 173°42′E / 41.800°S 173.700°E |
| Areas affected | New Zealand, Marlborough, South Island |
| Casualties | 3 deaths |
The 1848 Marlborough earthquake was a magnitude 7.4 (ML) earthquake that occurred at 1:40 a.m. on 16 October 1848 and whose epicenter was in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand.[1]
In Wellington the shaking lasted for about two minutes and caused widespread damage, especially to brick or stone structures. Most of the buildings damaged in the earthquake were rebuilt in wood[2] and this contributed to the relatively low level of damage and loss of life in the more powerful Wairarapa earthquake that hit Wellington seven years later.
Tectonic setting
New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In the South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In the North Island, the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS).[3] A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island.[4]
Earthquake characteristics
The earthquake was associated with the rupturing of a minimum of 105 km of the Awatere Fault, which is part of the Marlborough Fault System.[5] A horizontal displacement of about 6 metres was accompanied by smaller vertical movements of varying sense. A shallow epicentral depth is inferred from the large number of felt aftershocks.[6] A moment magnitude of about 7.5 has been estimated from the rupture length and measured displacements.[5][7]
Damage
In Wellington, almost all buildings of brick or stone construction were damaged, including homes, churches, the jail, and the colonial hospital.[8] [9] Most wooden buildings were undamaged, although many lost their brick chimneys. In the Marlborough region itself, a number of homesteads were badly damaged. Several buildings damaged in the main shock were destroyed during strong aftershocks over the next few days. The only fatalities from the earthquake occurred when a damaged building collapsed during one of the aftershocks the following day.[2]
See also
References
- ↑ "GeoNet - Quakes". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- 1 2 McSaveney, Eileen (16 November 2016). "Historic earthquakes – The 1848 Marlborough earthquake". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- ↑ Mouslopoulou,V., Nicol,A., Little, T.A. & Walsh, J.J. 2007. Terminations of large strike-slip faults: an alternative model from New Zealand. In: Cunningham, W. D. & Mann, P (eds).Tectonics of Strike-Slip Restraining and Releasing Bends. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 290; p. 387–415.
- ↑ Van Dissen, R. & Yeats, R.S. 1991. Hope Fault, Jordan Thrust, and uplift of the Seaward Kaikoura Range, New Zealand. Geology, 19, 393–396.
- 1 2 Grapes, R., Little, T. & Downes, G. 1998. Rupturing of the Awatere Fault during the 1848 October 16 Marlborough earthquake, New Zealand: historical and present day evidence, New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, 1998, Vol. 41: 387–399
- ↑ Eiby, G. A. 1980. The Marlborough earthquakes of 1848. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research bulletin 225. 82 p.
- ↑ Mason, D.P.M. & Little, T.A. 2006. Refined slip distribution and moment magnitude of the 1848 Marlborough earthquake, Awatere Fault, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 49, 375–382.
- ↑ "The Earthquake of 1848", Early Wellington, 1928, Louis E. Ward
- ↑ "Earthquake Report", Early Wellington, 1928, Louis E. Ward