Resin identification code

Sorted household plastic waiting to be hauled away for reprocessing.

Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tac box, with a living hinge and the resin identification code under its flap

The ASTM International Resin Identification Coding System, often abbreviated as the RIC, is a set of symbols appearing on plastic products that identify the plastic resin out of which the product is made.^[1] It was developed originally by the Society of the Plastics Industry (now SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association) in 1988, but has been administered by ASTM International since 2008.^[2]

History

The Society of the Plastics Industry introduced the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system in 1988 as a growing number of communities were implementing recycling programs.^[3] In order to address the concerns of recyclers across the U.S., the RIC system was designed to make it easier for workers in Materials Recovery and Recycling facilities to sort and separate items according to their resin type. Plastics must be recycled separately, with like materials, in order to preserve the material’s value and enable its reuse in other products after being recycled.

In its original form, the symbols used as part of the RIC consisted of arrows that cycle clockwise to form a triangle that encloses a number. The number broadly refers to the type of plastic used in the product:

• “1” signifies that the product is made out of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (beverage bottles, cups, other packaging, etc.)
• “2” signifies high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (bottles, cups, milk jugs, etc.)
• “3” signifies polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (pipes, siding, flooring, etc.)
• “4” signifies low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (plastic bags, six-pack rings, tubing, etc.)
• “5” signifies polypropylene (PP) (auto parts, industrial fibers, food containers, etc.)
• “6” signifies polystyrene (PS) (plastic utensils, Styrofoam, cafeteria trays, etc.)
• “7” signifies other plastics, such as acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate and polylactic acid (PLA).

When a number is omitted, the arrows arranged in a triangle form the universal Recycling Symbol, a generic indicator of recyclability. Subsequent revisions to the RIC have replaced the arrows with a solid triangle, in order to address consumer confusion about the meaning of the RIC, and the belief that the presence of a RIC symbol on an item does not necessarily indicate that it is recyclable.

In 2008, ASTM International took over the administration of the RIC system and eventually issued ASTM D7611 - Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification.^[4] In 2013 this standard was revised to change the graphic marking symbol of the RIC from the "chasing arrows" of the Recycling Symbol to a solid triangle instead.

Since its introduction, many have used the RIC as a signifier of recyclability, but the presence or absence of a Code on a plastic product does not indicate whether it is recyclable or not.

Table of resin codes

Source:^[5][6]

Recycling number	Image	Alternate image #1	Alternate image #2	Abbreviation	Polymer name	Uses	Recycling
1				PETE or PET	Polyethylene terephthalate	Polyester fibers (Polar Fleece), thermoformed sheet, strapping, soft drink bottles, tote bags, furniture, carpet, paneling and (occasionally) new containers. (See also: Recycling of PET bottles)	Picked up through most curbside recycling programs.
2		HDPE		HDPE or PE-HD	High-density polyethylene	Bottles, grocery bags, milk jugs, recycling bins, agricultural pipe, base cups, car stops, playground equipment, and plastic lumber	Picked up through most curbside recycling programs, although some allow only those containers with necks.
3				PVC or V	Polyvinyl chloride	Pipe, Window profile, Siding, fencing, flooring, shower curtains, lawn chairs, non-food bottles and children's toys.	Extensively recycled in Europe, 481,000 tonnes in 2014 through Vinyl 2010 and VinylPlus initiatives.
4				LDPE or PE-LD	Low-density polyethylene	Plastic bags, 6 pack rings, various containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, and various molded laboratory equipment	LDPE is not often recycled through curbside programs, but some communities will accept it. Plastic shopping bags can be returned to many stores for recycling.
5				PP	Polypropylene	Auto parts, industrial fibers, food containers, and dishware	Number 5 plastics can be recycled through some curbside programs.
6				PS	Polystyrene	Desk accessories, cafeteria trays, plastic utensils, toys, video cassettes and cases, clamshell containers, packaging peanuts, and insulation board and other expanded polystyrene products (e.g., Styrofoam)	Number 6 plastics can be recycled through some curbside programs.
7				OTHER or O	Other plastics, such as acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate, and polylactic acid (a bioplastic), and multilayer combinations of different plastics	Bottles, plastic lumber applications, headlight lenses, and safety shields/glasses.	Number 7 plastics have traditionally not been recycled, though some curbside programs now take them.

Below are the RIC symbols after ASTM's 2013 revision^[7]

^[8]

Consumer confusion

In the United States, use of the RIC in the coding of plastics has led to ongoing consumer confusion about which plastic products are recyclable. When many plastics recycling programs were first being implemented in communities across the United States, only plastics with RIC Codes "1" and "2" (polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene, respectively) were accepted to be recycled. The list of acceptable plastic items has grown since then,^[9] and in some areas municipal recycling programs can collect and successfully recycle most plastic products regardless of their RIC Code. This has led some communities to instruct residents to refer to the form of packaging (i.e. "bottles," "tubs," "lids," etc.) when determining what to include in a curbside recycling bin, rather than instructing them to rely on the RIC.^[10] To further alleviate consumer confusion, the American Chemistry Council launched the "Recycling Terms & Tools" program to promote standardized language that can be used to educate consumers about how to recycle plastic products.^[11]

Possible new codes

Modifications to the RIC are currently being discussed and developed by ASTM's D20.95 subcommittee on recycled plastics.^[12]

In the U.S. the Sustainable Packaging Coalition has also created a "How2Recycle" label^[13] in an effort to replace the RIC with that aligns more closely with how the public currently uses the RIC. Rather than indicating what type of plastic resin a product is made out of, the four "How2Recycle" labels indicate whether a plastic product is

• Widely Recycled (meaning greater than 60 percent of the U.S. can recycle the item through a curbside recycling program or municipal drop-off location).
• Limited (meaning only 20-60 percent of the U.S. can recycle the item through a curbside recycling program or municipal drop-off location).
• Not Yet Recycled (meaning less than 20 percent of the U.S. can recycle the item through a curbside recycling program or municipal drop-off location).
• Store Drop-Off (meaning the item can be recycled if brought to participating store drop-off locations, typically at grocery stores).

The "How2Recycle" labels also encourage consumers to check with local facilities to see what plastics each municipal recycling facility can accept.

See also

• Linear low-density polyethylene
• List of symbols
• Thermoplastic - softens with heat
• Thermosetting polymer - does not soften with heat

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Resin identification codes.

• Recycling Symbols for Plastics has symbols used in plastics recycling available in various formats for use in graphics and packaging.
• Your Recycling Quandaries Information from Co-op America about what really happens when plastic is "recycled".
• Resin Codes from the American Chemistry Council.